pharmaceuticals and medical products, salt, freshwater, coastal developments,
defense and security, including risk reduction from natural hazards. It ought to be
in national interests to develop and ensure an adequate ocean policy: the instruments, the scientific and observation backings are available; models of forecasting
ocean conditions which can be applied in management are available. A dedicated
effort like an ocean science decade in context of the 2030 Agenda can stimulate the
relevant process both nationally and internationally (IOC 2016).
The substantive programmes of the UN system are numerous, having increased
very significantly since 1960. Despite considerable efforts of coordination and
cooperation they are still fragmented, mostly sectoral, underfunded and without
adequate coordination. The number of related programmes outside of the UN
system has likewise increased strongly. They constitute a necessary complement
to the UN system programmes. In view of the large threats to the ocean we need, for
the future we want, it seems that a dedicated effort of cooperation, coherence and
consolidation of activities is needed. One priority of this should be to narrow down
uncertainties and ensure timely and understandable delivery of results to Governments, national agencies and international bodies responsible for management, as
well as to the public and community groups.
32.6 Concluding Outlook: The Decisive Role of Science
Cooperation
The important roles of the scientific communities to contribute to solving the issues
facing the human society also in context of the ocean are evident. The incentives for
the scientists have changed over time. Initially the main drive was exploration,
including bathymetry, tides, wave, current and wind conditions for navigation,
fisheries and coastal developments. After WW II the need to increase the knowledge about the ocean and its resources, strengthen ocean research and use new
technologies stimulated scientists to enter with basic science into the relatively new
environment of the deep ocean. This was also driven by the need for food for the
growing world population, and increasing use of resources and energy.
Presently ocean and other sciences are stimulated by requirements to address the
priority issues of interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary nature. Furthermore the
international cooperation has developed to reach the planetary level and succeeded
to create better than before dialogue and exchange between several science disciplines and across sectors, as natural-social-economy-health sciences. The challenges of creating adequate dialogue with policy and decision makers, as well as
with communities and the public, and deliver the scientific results for use in livelihoods and management, put pressure on and provide incentives for science leaders
and practitioners. The socio-economic developments give incentives to gifted
scientists to address ocean literacy in context of the ocean as a driver of economic
and social well-being, provider of livelihoods and seek to elucidate interactions
544
G. Kullenberg
defense and security, including risk reduction from natural hazards. It ought to be
in national interests to develop and ensure an adequate ocean policy: the instruments, the scientific and observation backings are available; models of forecasting
ocean conditions which can be applied in management are available. A dedicated
effort like an ocean science decade in context of the 2030 Agenda can stimulate the
relevant process both nationally and internationally (IOC 2016).
The substantive programmes of the UN system are numerous, having increased
very significantly since 1960. Despite considerable efforts of coordination and
cooperation they are still fragmented, mostly sectoral, underfunded and without
adequate coordination. The number of related programmes outside of the UN
system has likewise increased strongly. They constitute a necessary complement
to the UN system programmes. In view of the large threats to the ocean we need, for
the future we want, it seems that a dedicated effort of cooperation, coherence and
consolidation of activities is needed. One priority of this should be to narrow down
uncertainties and ensure timely and understandable delivery of results to Governments, national agencies and international bodies responsible for management, as
well as to the public and community groups.
32.6 Concluding Outlook: The Decisive Role of Science
Cooperation
The important roles of the scientific communities to contribute to solving the issues
facing the human society also in context of the ocean are evident. The incentives for
the scientists have changed over time. Initially the main drive was exploration,
including bathymetry, tides, wave, current and wind conditions for navigation,
fisheries and coastal developments. After WW II the need to increase the knowledge about the ocean and its resources, strengthen ocean research and use new
technologies stimulated scientists to enter with basic science into the relatively new
environment of the deep ocean. This was also driven by the need for food for the
growing world population, and increasing use of resources and energy.
Presently ocean and other sciences are stimulated by requirements to address the
priority issues of interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary nature. Furthermore the
international cooperation has developed to reach the planetary level and succeeded
to create better than before dialogue and exchange between several science disciplines and across sectors, as natural-social-economy-health sciences. The challenges of creating adequate dialogue with policy and decision makers, as well as
with communities and the public, and deliver the scientific results for use in livelihoods and management, put pressure on and provide incentives for science leaders
and practitioners. The socio-economic developments give incentives to gifted
scientists to address ocean literacy in context of the ocean as a driver of economic
and social well-being, provider of livelihoods and seek to elucidate interactions
544
G. Kullenberg