2007; Tereshchenko 2013). The Black Sea studied hydrobionts can be placed in the
following order with a decrease in accumulative ability for radionuclides
239,240 Pu
according to the value of the plutonium
239,240 Pu concentration factor (C f (Pu)):
phytoplankton (1 Â 10
4 –10
5 ) > macroalgae (1 Â 10
2 –10
4 ) > zooplankton (1 Â 10
3 )
> bivalves (5 Â 10
2 ) > crab (1 Â 10
2 ) > fish (1 Â 10
2 ). However the C f (Pu) of the
Black Sea sediment of 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than the C f (Pu) of
hydrobionts, besides the biomass of marine organisms is little significant part in
the sea ecosystem, so unlike the shallow freshwater highly productive ecosystem,
where biomass is an important part of the ecosystem marine organisms in the Black
Sea do not play a significant role in deposition of plutonium, but increase the flux of
plutonium up the food chain to the person consuming sea products as plutonium
concentration activities in hydrobionts by 2-3-5 orders of magnitude higher than in
the sea water. Therefore the Black sea hydrobionts suffer the increased radiation
exposure from alpha–radiation of the incorporated Pu radionuclides.
16.3.9 Internal Exposure Doses from Alpha–Radiation
of Plutonium on the Black Sea Hydrobionts
Based on our own results and the published data on the levels of anthropogenic
plutonium contamination of marine organisms, the internal exposure doses of
biogenic components of the Black Sea ecosystem from these radioisotopes have
been determined. The contemporary radioecological situation in the Black Sea after
the Chernobyl accident is safe (Polikarpov et al. 2008; Tereshchenko et al. 2014).
The range of absorbed dose rates of internal exposure from alpha–radiation of
239,240
Pu that incorporated into Black Sea hydrobionts was 0.01–4.94 μGy year
À1
, and
equivalent dose rates was 0.24–98.84 μSv year
À1 . The maximum radiation exposures observed for the Black Sea organisms were for phytoplankton and red
macroalgae Ph. crispa. In general, the observed equivalent dose rates for the
Black Sea hydrobionts were 4–7 orders of magnitudes lower than the limit of safe
dose rate of 4 Sv∙year
À1 , and were not a threat to the Black Sea hydrobionts. The
average annual equivalent dose rate (H eq R) of
239þ240 Pu on the Black Sea
hydrobionts varied range by n∙10
À2 to the n∙10
2 Sv year
À1 (Fig. 16.8). The highest
radiation doses from plutonium alpha radionuclides for the Black Sea aquatic
organisms of different trophic levels observed in members of the lower links of
the food chain. In general, in the transition from the lower to the higher trophic level
of amplification degree of plutonium migration is reduced by about an order of
magnitude (Fig. 16.8).
16 Levels of Activity Concentration, Migration and Dose Rates on Biota from. . .
265
following order with a decrease in accumulative ability for radionuclides
239,240 Pu
according to the value of the plutonium
239,240 Pu concentration factor (C f (Pu)):
phytoplankton (1 Â 10
4 –10
5 ) > macroalgae (1 Â 10
2 –10
4 ) > zooplankton (1 Â 10
3 )
> bivalves (5 Â 10
2 ) > crab (1 Â 10
2 ) > fish (1 Â 10
2 ). However the C f (Pu) of the
Black Sea sediment of 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than the C f (Pu) of
hydrobionts, besides the biomass of marine organisms is little significant part in
the sea ecosystem, so unlike the shallow freshwater highly productive ecosystem,
where biomass is an important part of the ecosystem marine organisms in the Black
Sea do not play a significant role in deposition of plutonium, but increase the flux of
plutonium up the food chain to the person consuming sea products as plutonium
concentration activities in hydrobionts by 2-3-5 orders of magnitude higher than in
the sea water. Therefore the Black sea hydrobionts suffer the increased radiation
exposure from alpha–radiation of the incorporated Pu radionuclides.
16.3.9 Internal Exposure Doses from Alpha–Radiation
of Plutonium on the Black Sea Hydrobionts
Based on our own results and the published data on the levels of anthropogenic
plutonium contamination of marine organisms, the internal exposure doses of
biogenic components of the Black Sea ecosystem from these radioisotopes have
been determined. The contemporary radioecological situation in the Black Sea after
the Chernobyl accident is safe (Polikarpov et al. 2008; Tereshchenko et al. 2014).
The range of absorbed dose rates of internal exposure from alpha–radiation of
239,240
Pu that incorporated into Black Sea hydrobionts was 0.01–4.94 μGy year
À1
, and
equivalent dose rates was 0.24–98.84 μSv year
À1 . The maximum radiation exposures observed for the Black Sea organisms were for phytoplankton and red
macroalgae Ph. crispa. In general, the observed equivalent dose rates for the
Black Sea hydrobionts were 4–7 orders of magnitudes lower than the limit of safe
dose rate of 4 Sv∙year
À1 , and were not a threat to the Black Sea hydrobionts. The
average annual equivalent dose rate (H eq R) of
239þ240 Pu on the Black Sea
hydrobionts varied range by n∙10
À2 to the n∙10
2 Sv year
À1 (Fig. 16.8). The highest
radiation doses from plutonium alpha radionuclides for the Black Sea aquatic
organisms of different trophic levels observed in members of the lower links of
the food chain. In general, in the transition from the lower to the higher trophic level
of amplification degree of plutonium migration is reduced by about an order of
magnitude (Fig. 16.8).
16 Levels of Activity Concentration, Migration and Dose Rates on Biota from. . .
265