68
5 Challenges: Sectoral Descriptions
Sustainable
++
Ecological
+++
11
th
Reactive
Precautionary !
!
Transitions in Coastal Protection Strategies
Safety approach
Safety-approach
Probability-based
GER*
NL**
EU: flood risk
management
+
!
Risk-based
Mid 20
th
1970
th
1992
2007
2014
Fig. 5.4 Transitions of Coastal Protection Strategies in the southern North Sea Region. The flashes
highlight the impacts of storm surge events. The exclamation points highlight the influence of the
external triggers: ecological, sustainable and flood risk management. * Germany is a federal state;
the national government is providing the legal framework and the implementation is made by the
Federal States. Thus, the implementation strategies differ in each coastal Federal State. ** In The
Netherlands a probability-based approach was developed and applied after the storm surge event
in February 1953 (Recommendations of Delta Commission I). From 1990 to 2005 the probabilitybased approach was continuously enhanced and improved. Since 2014 a flood risk management
approach is applied; see MinInfraM and MinEZ (2015)
Fig. 5.5 Picture of a dwelling mound in southern part of Jutland, Denmark. c
Ahlhorn
In the nineteenth and twenteenth centuries the strategies to protect people against storm
surges differed, of course, from country to country, but at the end led to a closed dike
line. The dikes were and are continuously improved by strengthening and heightening to
estimated heights based on water levels of former storm surges (e.g., determined by the
height of flotsam
2 on the outer dike slope). In the middle of the twentieth century this
reactive approach changed into a more one precautionary (see, e.g., Vergouwe, 2015).
Later on, this will be exemplified by the Dutch and the German approaches. Especially, in
The Netherlands and Germany after the experiences of storm surge events with disastrous
2 Flotsam: consisting of remainder of the vegetation from out the salt marshes and litter deriving
from anthropogenic utilization of the sea and the coast.
5 Challenges: Sectoral Descriptions
Sustainable
++
Ecological
+++
11
th
Reactive
Precautionary !
!
Transitions in Coastal Protection Strategies
Safety approach
Safety-approach
Probability-based
GER*
NL**
EU: flood risk
management
+
!
Risk-based
Mid 20
th
1970
th
1992
2007
2014
Fig. 5.4 Transitions of Coastal Protection Strategies in the southern North Sea Region. The flashes
highlight the impacts of storm surge events. The exclamation points highlight the influence of the
external triggers: ecological, sustainable and flood risk management. * Germany is a federal state;
the national government is providing the legal framework and the implementation is made by the
Federal States. Thus, the implementation strategies differ in each coastal Federal State. ** In The
Netherlands a probability-based approach was developed and applied after the storm surge event
in February 1953 (Recommendations of Delta Commission I). From 1990 to 2005 the probabilitybased approach was continuously enhanced and improved. Since 2014 a flood risk management
approach is applied; see MinInfraM and MinEZ (2015)
Fig. 5.5 Picture of a dwelling mound in southern part of Jutland, Denmark. c
Ahlhorn
In the nineteenth and twenteenth centuries the strategies to protect people against storm
surges differed, of course, from country to country, but at the end led to a closed dike
line. The dikes were and are continuously improved by strengthening and heightening to
estimated heights based on water levels of former storm surges (e.g., determined by the
height of flotsam
2 on the outer dike slope). In the middle of the twentieth century this
reactive approach changed into a more one precautionary (see, e.g., Vergouwe, 2015).
Later on, this will be exemplified by the Dutch and the German approaches. Especially, in
The Netherlands and Germany after the experiences of storm surge events with disastrous
2 Flotsam: consisting of remainder of the vegetation from out the salt marshes and litter deriving
from anthropogenic utilization of the sea and the coast.