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2 Historical Annotations
2.2 Brief Outline of International ICZM Steps
Since the first steps were taken, many initiatives and efforts have been started over the
world – see, for example, OECD (1993) and Sorensen (2000). Significant events happened
and several relevant international and national agreements were signed for the proliferation of ICZM since then. The following listing is an excerpt of what happened according
to ICZM worldwide; further information on international conventions is listed in, for
example, FAO (2006):
1948/1958 UN Convention in Geneva for the adoption of the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), entry into force in 1958.
1965 Establishment of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development
Commission to conduct an integrated management approach for the protection of the Bay.
1966 Establishment of the Port Phillip Bay Authority for the coordination of
developments on a certain strip around the Port Phillip Bay.
1968 Stratton Commission in the USA released the report Our Nation and the Sea
containing the recommendation for the initiation of a national coastal zone
management program.
1969 Bonn Agreement for cooperation in dealing with pollution of the North Sea
by oil (replaced in 1983 by a new agreement covering also other harmful
substances).
1972 US Coastal Zone Management Act was enacted.
1972 Oslo Convention adopted in 1972 was to control the dumping of harmful
substances from ships and aircraft into the sea.
1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment resulting in the
“Stockholm Declaration” containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development.
1972 RAMSAR Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially
waterfowl habitat.
1973 MARPOL is the international Convention for the prevention of pollution
from and was modified by the protocol of 1978.
1973 Resolution on the protection of coastal areas by the Council of Europe.
1974 Paris Convention on land-based sources of marine pollution.
1974 Helsinki Convention on the protection of the marine environment of the
Baltic Area (renewed and signed in 1992).
1976 Barcelona Convention for protection of the Mediterranean Sea against
pollution.
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defines the
rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world’s
oceans.
1984 First Conference on ICZM in South and Central America.
2 Historical Annotations
2.2 Brief Outline of International ICZM Steps
Since the first steps were taken, many initiatives and efforts have been started over the
world – see, for example, OECD (1993) and Sorensen (2000). Significant events happened
and several relevant international and national agreements were signed for the proliferation of ICZM since then. The following listing is an excerpt of what happened according
to ICZM worldwide; further information on international conventions is listed in, for
example, FAO (2006):
1948/1958 UN Convention in Geneva for the adoption of the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), entry into force in 1958.
1965 Establishment of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development
Commission to conduct an integrated management approach for the protection of the Bay.
1966 Establishment of the Port Phillip Bay Authority for the coordination of
developments on a certain strip around the Port Phillip Bay.
1968 Stratton Commission in the USA released the report Our Nation and the Sea
containing the recommendation for the initiation of a national coastal zone
management program.
1969 Bonn Agreement for cooperation in dealing with pollution of the North Sea
by oil (replaced in 1983 by a new agreement covering also other harmful
substances).
1972 US Coastal Zone Management Act was enacted.
1972 Oslo Convention adopted in 1972 was to control the dumping of harmful
substances from ships and aircraft into the sea.
1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment resulting in the
“Stockholm Declaration” containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development.
1972 RAMSAR Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially
waterfowl habitat.
1973 MARPOL is the international Convention for the prevention of pollution
from and was modified by the protocol of 1978.
1973 Resolution on the protection of coastal areas by the Council of Europe.
1974 Paris Convention on land-based sources of marine pollution.
1974 Helsinki Convention on the protection of the marine environment of the
Baltic Area (renewed and signed in 1992).
1976 Barcelona Convention for protection of the Mediterranean Sea against
pollution.
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) defines the
rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world’s
oceans.
1984 First Conference on ICZM in South and Central America.