XIV
List of Figures
Fig. 5.1 Dunes at the Schelde, The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fig. 5.2 Flood prone area at the coast of the southern North Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Fig. 5.3 Overview of affected people and area in the North Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Fig. 5.4 Transitions of Coastal Protection Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Fig. 5.5 Dwelling mound in southern Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Fig. 5.6 Safety standards in The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fig. 5.7 The shape of a main dike in Lower Saxony, northern Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Fig. 5.8 Proceedings of design water level, Lower Saxony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Fig. 5.9 Tidal creek in the Ley Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Fig. 5.10 Interaction between islands and main land ................................... 79
Fig. 5.11 Coastal landscape in ancient times with dikes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Fig. 5.12 Drainage management and subsidence of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fig. 5.13 Cross-section from the moraine down to the river Ems (Lower Saxony) . . . 83
Fig. 5.14 Drainage canal in the Wesermarsch (Lower Saxony), Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Fig. 5.15 Zonation of the Weser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Fig. 5.16 Zonation of the Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Fig. 5.17 Zonation of the Elbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fig. 5.18 Characteristics of Weser, Elbe and Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fig. 5.19 Interests and needs in estuaries. . .............................................. 91
Fig. 5.20 Ancient map of the Schelde estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Fig. 5.21 Land reclamation at the Schelde estuary . . ................................... 93
Fig. 5.22 Cross section of estuaries in ancient times and today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Fig. 5.23 Growing container ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Fig. 5.24 List of fairway deepening at the river Weser starting in 1887. Source:
Lucker et al. (1995) and www.wsa-bremerhaven.wsv.de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Fig. 5.25 Shape of Weser estuary at Bremerhaven in 1650. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Fig. 5.26 Shape of Weser estuary at Bremerhaven in 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Fig. 5.27 Shape of Weser at Blexer Bogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Fig. 5.28 Bottom depth of the Weser estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Fig. 5.29 Development of the cross section of the river Weser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Fig. 5.30 Morphological changes at the Schelde 1959 to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fig. 5.31 Changes of water levels in the Weser estuary . ............................... 101
Fig. 5.32 Changes of water levels in the Elbe and Schelde estuary . . . . ................ 102
Fig. 5.33 Dredging amounts along the Elbe estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Fig. 5.34 Total amounts of dredging at the Elbe estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Fig. 5.35 Total amounts of dredging at the Weser estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fig. 5.36 Amounts of dredging along the Weser estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Fig. 5.37 Identification of Drivers and Pressures at the Weser .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Fig. 5.38 Conflict Matrix of the Weser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fig. 5.39 Flood protection at the Weser after 1962 . . ................................... 111
Fig. 5.40 Ground water salinity in the county of Wesermarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Fig. 5.41 Habitat loss at the estuaries Schelde, Weser and Elbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
List of Figures
Fig. 5.1 Dunes at the Schelde, The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Fig. 5.2 Flood prone area at the coast of the southern North Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Fig. 5.3 Overview of affected people and area in the North Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Fig. 5.4 Transitions of Coastal Protection Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Fig. 5.5 Dwelling mound in southern Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Fig. 5.6 Safety standards in The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fig. 5.7 The shape of a main dike in Lower Saxony, northern Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Fig. 5.8 Proceedings of design water level, Lower Saxony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Fig. 5.9 Tidal creek in the Ley Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Fig. 5.10 Interaction between islands and main land ................................... 79
Fig. 5.11 Coastal landscape in ancient times with dikes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Fig. 5.12 Drainage management and subsidence of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fig. 5.13 Cross-section from the moraine down to the river Ems (Lower Saxony) . . . 83
Fig. 5.14 Drainage canal in the Wesermarsch (Lower Saxony), Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Fig. 5.15 Zonation of the Weser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Fig. 5.16 Zonation of the Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Fig. 5.17 Zonation of the Elbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fig. 5.18 Characteristics of Weser, Elbe and Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fig. 5.19 Interests and needs in estuaries. . .............................................. 91
Fig. 5.20 Ancient map of the Schelde estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Fig. 5.21 Land reclamation at the Schelde estuary . . ................................... 93
Fig. 5.22 Cross section of estuaries in ancient times and today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Fig. 5.23 Growing container ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Fig. 5.24 List of fairway deepening at the river Weser starting in 1887. Source:
Lucker et al. (1995) and www.wsa-bremerhaven.wsv.de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Fig. 5.25 Shape of Weser estuary at Bremerhaven in 1650. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Fig. 5.26 Shape of Weser estuary at Bremerhaven in 1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Fig. 5.27 Shape of Weser at Blexer Bogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Fig. 5.28 Bottom depth of the Weser estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Fig. 5.29 Development of the cross section of the river Weser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Fig. 5.30 Morphological changes at the Schelde 1959 to 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fig. 5.31 Changes of water levels in the Weser estuary . ............................... 101
Fig. 5.32 Changes of water levels in the Elbe and Schelde estuary . . . . ................ 102
Fig. 5.33 Dredging amounts along the Elbe estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Fig. 5.34 Total amounts of dredging at the Elbe estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Fig. 5.35 Total amounts of dredging at the Weser estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fig. 5.36 Amounts of dredging along the Weser estuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Fig. 5.37 Identification of Drivers and Pressures at the Weser .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Fig. 5.38 Conflict Matrix of the Weser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fig. 5.39 Flood protection at the Weser after 1962 . . ................................... 111
Fig. 5.40 Ground water salinity in the county of Wesermarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Fig. 5.41 Habitat loss at the estuaries Schelde, Weser and Elbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113