List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Soft coast (Wadden Sea), Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fig. 1.2 Cliffs of France coast (Normandy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fig. 1.3 Cross section Wadden Sea coast without artificial water management
means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fig. 1.4 Cross section Wadden Sea coast with artificial water management
means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fig. 2.1 View over a salt marsh to Bremerhaven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fig. 2.2 Beach near the Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fig. 2.3 Dunes and holiday houses at the Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fig. 3.1 Necessity of integration at the Wadden Sea coast in Schleswig-Holstein,
Germany, shipping, fishing and natural conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fig. 3.2 After the closure of the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands, in 1986
different demands have to be considered in management, that is
protection against high water, nature conservation and leisure shipping . . . . 40
Fig. 4.1 Schematic water cycle of humid coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Fig. 4.2 Permeability of upper soil layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fig. 4.3 Tidal oscillation of the water level in the North Sea at gauge Leyhörn . . . . . 52
Fig. 4.4 Tidal oscillation of the water level in the North Sea at gauge Leyhörn
during the storm tide in November 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fig. 4.5 Impact of tides and mass density on the flow direction and flow velocity
distribution in estuaries .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fig. 4.6 Ground water oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fig. 4.7 Inter tidal area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fig. 4.8 Transition zone of fresh and salt water in an estuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fig. 4.9 Movement of the brackish water zone in estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Fig. 4.10 Transition zone in the ground water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fig. 4.11 Fresh water lens of an island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fig. 4.12 Gravitational discharge in coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Fig. 4.13 Future water management needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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Fig. 1.1 Soft coast (Wadden Sea), Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fig. 1.2 Cliffs of France coast (Normandy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fig. 1.3 Cross section Wadden Sea coast without artificial water management
means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fig. 1.4 Cross section Wadden Sea coast with artificial water management
means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fig. 2.1 View over a salt marsh to Bremerhaven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fig. 2.2 Beach near the Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fig. 2.3 Dunes and holiday houses at the Schelde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fig. 3.1 Necessity of integration at the Wadden Sea coast in Schleswig-Holstein,
Germany, shipping, fishing and natural conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fig. 3.2 After the closure of the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands, in 1986
different demands have to be considered in management, that is
protection against high water, nature conservation and leisure shipping . . . . 40
Fig. 4.1 Schematic water cycle of humid coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Fig. 4.2 Permeability of upper soil layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fig. 4.3 Tidal oscillation of the water level in the North Sea at gauge Leyhörn . . . . . 52
Fig. 4.4 Tidal oscillation of the water level in the North Sea at gauge Leyhörn
during the storm tide in November 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fig. 4.5 Impact of tides and mass density on the flow direction and flow velocity
distribution in estuaries .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fig. 4.6 Ground water oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fig. 4.7 Inter tidal area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fig. 4.8 Transition zone of fresh and salt water in an estuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Fig. 4.9 Movement of the brackish water zone in estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Fig. 4.10 Transition zone in the ground water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fig. 4.11 Fresh water lens of an island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fig. 4.12 Gravitational discharge in coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Fig. 4.13 Future water management needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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