XVI Contents
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.304
8.3.5
8.3.6
804
804.1
804.2
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
Evaporation and radiometric variables ................... 160
Potential Evaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160
Actual Evaporation .................................... 162
Remote Sensing of Land Evaporation: Applications and
Modelling Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
Linear relationships between evaporation and land surface
temperature [1] ....................................... 166
Improved linear relationships [2] ....................... , 167
Relationships between evaporation, surface, temperature
and spectral indices [3] ................................. 168
Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer
(SVAT) models [4] .................................... 169
Integrated SVAT and Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL)
models [5] ........................................... 170
Current trends: improved observations and improved
parameterizations .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 171
Local maximum evaporation
and land surface temperature [6] ........................ 171
Improved observation ofland surface variables [7] ........ 174
Spatial variability ..................................... 177
Accuracy ............................................. 178
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179
Current and Future Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181
Colour Plates of Chaps. 6-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 189
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
904
9.5
Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
lOA
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Soil Moisture . ....................................... 197
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 197
General Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 198
Sensor-Target Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 202
Hydrologic Examples .................................. 209
Future Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture ....... 212
Remote Sensing of Surface Water ..................... 217
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 217
Surface Water Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218
Lake and Reservoir Area Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
Wetlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
Lake Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
River Levels and Flows ................................ 226
Flood Extent. ......................................... 230
Conclusion ........................................... 233