XIV Contents
3.l.7
3.1.8
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.3
3.4
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.4
Section II:
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
Screen Color Resolution .............................. " 49
Image Scanning (Digitization) Considerations ............ " 49
Image Processing and GIS Software Requirement ........ " 50
Preprocessing ........................................ " 52
Display and Enhancement ............................. " 52
Remote Sensing Information Extraction ................... 53
Photogrammetric Information Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 54
Metadata and Image/Map Lineage Documentation .......... 54
Image and Map Cartographic Composition ................ 57
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ................... 57
Utilities ............................................. " 57
Commercial and Publicly Available Digital Image
Processing Systems ..................................... 58
Summary ............................................. 58
Integration of Remotely Sensed Data into Geographical
Information Systems .................................. 65
Introduction ......................................... " 65
General Approach .................................... " 67
Raster and Vector Data Structures ........................ 67
Current Approaches to the Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
Errors Associated with Geographical Processing ........... 71
Current Applications .................................. " 72
Watershed Database Development. ....................... 72
Integrated Use of Elevation Data ......................... 73
Land-use/Land-cover Change Detection ................. " 74
Modeling Watershed Runoff ........................... " 75
Monitoring and Modeling of Water Quality .............. " 76
Soil Erosion Monitoring ............................... " 77
Future Perspectives ..................................... 78
Remote Sensing Application to Hydrologic
Monitoring and Modeling . ...................... " 83
Remote Sensing in Hydrological Modeling .............. 85
Introduction ......................................... " 85
Remote Sensing in Operational Hydrologic Modeling ..... " 87
Remote Sensing in Coupled Water-Energy
Balance Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90
Remote Sensing Approach ............................ " 92
Solar radiation ....................................... " 92
Downwelling longwave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
Precipitation ......................................... " 94
Air Temperature ....................................... 94
Surface Air Humidity ................................. " 95