INDEX
571
turbulence, 8, 151, 159, See
mixing
turbulence diffusion layer, 150,
191, 192, 193
turbulence intermittency, 183, 187
turbulence measurements, 144,
151, 153, 154, 159, 162, 173,
196, 362, 458
turbulent bore, 49, 338, 340, 341,
344, 405, See bore-like
structure
turbulent kinetic energy, 9, 10, 11,
149, 150, 163, 176, 177, 187,
188, 190, 192, 197, 216, 227,
238, 256, 267, 273, 366, 385,
391, 409, 501
Turner angle, 329
two-dimensional flows, 288
two-dimensional turbulence, 286,
289, 295
virtual cooling, 100, 105
viscous sublayer, 68, 70, 82, 89,
91, 97, 99, 102, 104, 131, 132,
150, 151, 366, 436, 437, 438,
446, 447
volume absorption of solar
radiation.. See absorption of
solar radiation
volume flux of freshwater, 40
volume source, 34, See volume
sources
due absorption of solar
radiation, 106
due to rain, 40
of energy, 21, 23, 177, 187
of freshwater, 7, 34
of heat, 12, 93, 221, 391, 492
of heat due to rain, 121
of material or gas, 7
of momentum, 11, 93
of rainwater, 123, 125
volume sources, 11, 19, 60, 267,
278, 390
von Karman constant, 15, 57, 79,
146, 147, 279
vortex. See vortices
dipolar, 290
force, 376, 379
horseshoe, 355, 366, 370
instability, 149
line, 374, 375, 377
monopolar, 290
ring, 34, 35
stretching, 288, 377
tripole, 290
vortices, 286
large scale, 289
merging, 293
randomly distributed, 290
turbulent, 148
unsteady, 410
vorticity, 42, 47, 288, 368
cyclonic, 318, 346
planetary, 295
squared. See enstrophy
streamwise, 377
vector, 288
vertical, 380
vorticity waves, 46, 332, 367,
368, 370
wall layer, 91, 105, 144, 145, 147,
149, 150, 183, 482
wall streaks, 366, 367
warm skin, 124, 138
wave age, 17, 54
wave breaker
collapsing, 48
plunging, 48, 197
spilling, 48, 405
surging, 48
wave breaking, 8, 11, 47, 52, 76,
92, 96, 102, 466, See breaking
waves
571
turbulence, 8, 151, 159, See
mixing
turbulence diffusion layer, 150,
191, 192, 193
turbulence intermittency, 183, 187
turbulence measurements, 144,
151, 153, 154, 159, 162, 173,
196, 362, 458
turbulent bore, 49, 338, 340, 341,
344, 405, See bore-like
structure
turbulent kinetic energy, 9, 10, 11,
149, 150, 163, 176, 177, 187,
188, 190, 192, 197, 216, 227,
238, 256, 267, 273, 366, 385,
391, 409, 501
Turner angle, 329
two-dimensional flows, 288
two-dimensional turbulence, 286,
289, 295
virtual cooling, 100, 105
viscous sublayer, 68, 70, 82, 89,
91, 97, 99, 102, 104, 131, 132,
150, 151, 366, 436, 437, 438,
446, 447
volume absorption of solar
radiation.. See absorption of
solar radiation
volume flux of freshwater, 40
volume source, 34, See volume
sources
due absorption of solar
radiation, 106
due to rain, 40
of energy, 21, 23, 177, 187
of freshwater, 7, 34
of heat, 12, 93, 221, 391, 492
of heat due to rain, 121
of material or gas, 7
of momentum, 11, 93
of rainwater, 123, 125
volume sources, 11, 19, 60, 267,
278, 390
von Karman constant, 15, 57, 79,
146, 147, 279
vortex. See vortices
dipolar, 290
force, 376, 379
horseshoe, 355, 366, 370
instability, 149
line, 374, 375, 377
monopolar, 290
ring, 34, 35
stretching, 288, 377
tripole, 290
vortices, 286
large scale, 289
merging, 293
randomly distributed, 290
turbulent, 148
unsteady, 410
vorticity, 42, 47, 288, 368
cyclonic, 318, 346
planetary, 295
squared. See enstrophy
streamwise, 377
vector, 288
vertical, 380
vorticity waves, 46, 332, 367,
368, 370
wall layer, 91, 105, 144, 145, 147,
149, 150, 183, 482
wall streaks, 366, 367
warm skin, 124, 138
wave age, 17, 54
wave breaker
collapsing, 48
plunging, 48, 197
spilling, 48, 405
surging, 48
wave breaking, 8, 11, 47, 52, 76,
92, 96, 102, 466, See breaking
waves