The linearity of the temperature profiles in ice increases with the growth of fast
ice, likely indicating a reduction in the liquid phase fraction in the ice layer due
to crystallization.
2. The liquid sub-ice layer formed by salt rejection is an important element of the
“ice-brine-ground” system. This layer cannot completely freeze, even at very
low air temperatures typical for the shelf of the Siberian seas. The salinity
increase in the sub-ice brine layer can cause melting of fast ice in shallow areas
at negative air temperatures, alongside its simultaneous growth for offshore
regions.
3. The bottom depth is one of the most important limiting factors of ice formation
in water and bottom sediment layers. The deepest freezing in the sediment layer
was simulated for shallow depths, where the grown fast ice approaches the
bottom.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
(Project #17-05-01221 “Investigation of atmospheric boundary layer in the Arctic region with the
data of the Russian polar observatories measurements”), the Ministry of Science and Education of
the Russian Federation (Project “Changing Arctic Transpolar System” # 2017-14-588-0005-003),
Roshydromet (Target scientific and technical program 1.5.3.2 “Environmental monitoring at the
Tiksi Hydrometeorological Observatory in the frame of international project of joint researches”),
and NSF (grants AON-1203473 and AON-1338948).
References
1. Bekryaev, R. V., Polyakov, I. V., & Alexeev, V. A. (2010). Role of polar amplification in
long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming. Journal of Climate,
23, 3888–3906.
2. Bogorodsky, P. V., & Pnyushkov, A. V. (2007). A simple model for seawater crystallization
in the temperature spectrum. Oceanology, 47(4), 500–506.
3. Bogorodskii, P. V., Marchenko, A. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., & Ogorodov, A. S. (2010).
Formation of fast ice and its impact on the coastal zone of the Arctic seas. Oceanology, 50(3),
345–354.
4. Bogorodskii, P. V., & Pnyushkov, A. V. (2011). Impact of Arctic land fast-ice growth on
subwater ground freezing. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Problems of Arctic and Antarctic, 3
(89), 69–77 (in Russian).
5. Cheverov, V. G., Vidyapin, I. Y., & Tumskoj, V. E. (2007). The composition and properties
of thermokarst lagoons deposits at the Bykovsky Peninsula. Kriosfera Zemli. Earth
Cryosphere, 11(3), 44–50 (in Russian).
6. Chuvilin, E. M., Buhanov, B. A., Tumskoj, V. E., Shahova, N. E., & Semiletov, I. P. (2013).
Thermal conductivity of bottom sediments in the region of Buor-Haya Bay (shelf of the
Laptev Sea). Kriosfera Zemli. Earth Cryosphere, 17(2), 32–40 (in Russian).
7. Grishin, P. A. (1963). The freezing temperature of saline soils. Trudy SOYUZMORNIIproekta.
The works of the SOYUZMORNIIproekt, 3(9), 84–91 (in Russian).
8. Dmitrenko, I. A., Gribanov, V. A., Volkov, D. L., Kassens, H., & Eicken, H. (1999). Impact
of river discharge on the fast ice extension in the Russian Arctic shelf area. In Proceedings of
15th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions
(POAC99), Helsinki, 23–27 August 1999 (Vol. 1, pp. 311–321).
Seasonal Freezing of a Subwater Ground Layer …
623
ice, likely indicating a reduction in the liquid phase fraction in the ice layer due
to crystallization.
2. The liquid sub-ice layer formed by salt rejection is an important element of the
“ice-brine-ground” system. This layer cannot completely freeze, even at very
low air temperatures typical for the shelf of the Siberian seas. The salinity
increase in the sub-ice brine layer can cause melting of fast ice in shallow areas
at negative air temperatures, alongside its simultaneous growth for offshore
regions.
3. The bottom depth is one of the most important limiting factors of ice formation
in water and bottom sediment layers. The deepest freezing in the sediment layer
was simulated for shallow depths, where the grown fast ice approaches the
bottom.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
(Project #17-05-01221 “Investigation of atmospheric boundary layer in the Arctic region with the
data of the Russian polar observatories measurements”), the Ministry of Science and Education of
the Russian Federation (Project “Changing Arctic Transpolar System” # 2017-14-588-0005-003),
Roshydromet (Target scientific and technical program 1.5.3.2 “Environmental monitoring at the
Tiksi Hydrometeorological Observatory in the frame of international project of joint researches”),
and NSF (grants AON-1203473 and AON-1338948).
References
1. Bekryaev, R. V., Polyakov, I. V., & Alexeev, V. A. (2010). Role of polar amplification in
long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming. Journal of Climate,
23, 3888–3906.
2. Bogorodsky, P. V., & Pnyushkov, A. V. (2007). A simple model for seawater crystallization
in the temperature spectrum. Oceanology, 47(4), 500–506.
3. Bogorodskii, P. V., Marchenko, A. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., & Ogorodov, A. S. (2010).
Formation of fast ice and its impact on the coastal zone of the Arctic seas. Oceanology, 50(3),
345–354.
4. Bogorodskii, P. V., & Pnyushkov, A. V. (2011). Impact of Arctic land fast-ice growth on
subwater ground freezing. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. Problems of Arctic and Antarctic, 3
(89), 69–77 (in Russian).
5. Cheverov, V. G., Vidyapin, I. Y., & Tumskoj, V. E. (2007). The composition and properties
of thermokarst lagoons deposits at the Bykovsky Peninsula. Kriosfera Zemli. Earth
Cryosphere, 11(3), 44–50 (in Russian).
6. Chuvilin, E. M., Buhanov, B. A., Tumskoj, V. E., Shahova, N. E., & Semiletov, I. P. (2013).
Thermal conductivity of bottom sediments in the region of Buor-Haya Bay (shelf of the
Laptev Sea). Kriosfera Zemli. Earth Cryosphere, 17(2), 32–40 (in Russian).
7. Grishin, P. A. (1963). The freezing temperature of saline soils. Trudy SOYUZMORNIIproekta.
The works of the SOYUZMORNIIproekt, 3(9), 84–91 (in Russian).
8. Dmitrenko, I. A., Gribanov, V. A., Volkov, D. L., Kassens, H., & Eicken, H. (1999). Impact
of river discharge on the fast ice extension in the Russian Arctic shelf area. In Proceedings of
15th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions
(POAC99), Helsinki, 23–27 August 1999 (Vol. 1, pp. 311–321).
Seasonal Freezing of a Subwater Ground Layer …
623