173 Sv, the minimum value (149 Sv) was found in July 2007. The mean inflow of
mass and salt through the Atlantic sector northern boundary are 0.6 ± 0.6 Sv and
0.02 ± 0.02 Tg s
−1 , respectively. The mean heat flux through the Atlantic sector
northern boundary (0.29 ± 0.19 PW) is directed to the Atlantic Ocean. The mean
volume southward transport through the Atlantic Ocean is in a good agreement with
the accepted climatology value of 0.83 Sv water transport from the Pacific to the
Arctic Ocean based on the direct velocity measurements in the Bering Strait [20].
The mean mass, heat, and salt transports through the African section south of
Cape Town were calculated as 162.6 ± 5 Sv, 1.19 ± 0.13 PW, and 5.75 ± 0.18
Tg s
−1 , respectively. The mean inflow of mass, heat, and salt through the Indian
sector northern boundary were 15.4 ± 3 Sv, 1.17 ± 0.28 PW, and 0.56 ± 0.11
Tg s
−1 , respectively. The maximum value of mass transport was diagnosed in July
2010 as 24 Sv, the minimum value of 8 Sv was found in January 2014. The mean
inflow from the Indian Ocean to the Southern Ocean is consistent with the multiyear
mean value of 15 Sv transport through the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) from the
Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean determined from full-depth velocity measurements from January 2003 to December 2006 [22]. The mean transports through the
West-Australian section were diagnosed as 178 ± 6 Sv, 2.04 ± 0.12 PW, and
6.30 ± 0.22 Tg s
−1 , with well pronounced seasonal variations with the amplitudes
of 5 Sv, 0.1 PW, and 0.2 Tg s
−1 , respectively. The maximum value of mass
transport was diagnosed in July 2010 as 194 Sv, the minimum value of 165 Sv was
found in January 2010.
The mean mass, heat, and salt transports through the East-Australian section are
diagnosed as 178 ± 6 Sv, 2.55 ± 0.13 PW, and 6.30 ± 0.22 Tg s
−1 , respectively.
The mean outflow through the Pacific sector northern boundary is 16.0 ± 3 Sv,
with the maximum value of 24.8 Sv in July 2010 and the minimum value of 8.4 Sv
in January 2014. The mean heat and salt fluxes through the northern boundary are
0.45 ± 0.39 PW and 0.56 ± 0.12 Tg s
−1 , respectively. Seasonal variations are
very strong with the boreal summer maxima and boreal winter minima. The flow
through the Pacific sector northern boundary could be presented as the inflow
between Australia and New Zealand (9.6 ± 5 Sv, 0.30 ± 0.22 PW, and
0.34 ± 0.18 Tg s
−1 ) and outflow between New Zealand and South America
(25.6 ± 4 Sv, 0.75 ± 0.27 PW, and 0.90 ± 0.15 Tg s
−1 ). As a result, the mean
transport through the section between New Zealand and Antarctica at 168° E
increases by 9.6 Sv and is diagnosed as 187.6 ± 7 Sv, the values of heat and salt
fluxes through this section are calculated as 2.55 ± 0.12 PW and 6.64 ± 0.24
Tg s
−1 , respectively.
The Southern Ocean heat budget is negative except for the Australian region.
The heat losses were diagnosed as 0.2 PW in the Atlantic sector, 0.3 PW in the
Indian sector, and 0.4 PW in the Pacific sector. The net Southern Ocean heat loss is
0.4 PW due to 0.5 PW heat gain in the region south of Australia.
Modeling Study of the Antarctic Circumpolar …
491
mass and salt through the Atlantic sector northern boundary are 0.6 ± 0.6 Sv and
0.02 ± 0.02 Tg s
−1 , respectively. The mean heat flux through the Atlantic sector
northern boundary (0.29 ± 0.19 PW) is directed to the Atlantic Ocean. The mean
volume southward transport through the Atlantic Ocean is in a good agreement with
the accepted climatology value of 0.83 Sv water transport from the Pacific to the
Arctic Ocean based on the direct velocity measurements in the Bering Strait [20].
The mean mass, heat, and salt transports through the African section south of
Cape Town were calculated as 162.6 ± 5 Sv, 1.19 ± 0.13 PW, and 5.75 ± 0.18
Tg s
−1 , respectively. The mean inflow of mass, heat, and salt through the Indian
sector northern boundary were 15.4 ± 3 Sv, 1.17 ± 0.28 PW, and 0.56 ± 0.11
Tg s
−1 , respectively. The maximum value of mass transport was diagnosed in July
2010 as 24 Sv, the minimum value of 8 Sv was found in January 2014. The mean
inflow from the Indian Ocean to the Southern Ocean is consistent with the multiyear
mean value of 15 Sv transport through the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) from the
Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean determined from full-depth velocity measurements from January 2003 to December 2006 [22]. The mean transports through the
West-Australian section were diagnosed as 178 ± 6 Sv, 2.04 ± 0.12 PW, and
6.30 ± 0.22 Tg s
−1 , with well pronounced seasonal variations with the amplitudes
of 5 Sv, 0.1 PW, and 0.2 Tg s
−1 , respectively. The maximum value of mass
transport was diagnosed in July 2010 as 194 Sv, the minimum value of 165 Sv was
found in January 2010.
The mean mass, heat, and salt transports through the East-Australian section are
diagnosed as 178 ± 6 Sv, 2.55 ± 0.13 PW, and 6.30 ± 0.22 Tg s
−1 , respectively.
The mean outflow through the Pacific sector northern boundary is 16.0 ± 3 Sv,
with the maximum value of 24.8 Sv in July 2010 and the minimum value of 8.4 Sv
in January 2014. The mean heat and salt fluxes through the northern boundary are
0.45 ± 0.39 PW and 0.56 ± 0.12 Tg s
−1 , respectively. Seasonal variations are
very strong with the boreal summer maxima and boreal winter minima. The flow
through the Pacific sector northern boundary could be presented as the inflow
between Australia and New Zealand (9.6 ± 5 Sv, 0.30 ± 0.22 PW, and
0.34 ± 0.18 Tg s
−1 ) and outflow between New Zealand and South America
(25.6 ± 4 Sv, 0.75 ± 0.27 PW, and 0.90 ± 0.15 Tg s
−1 ). As a result, the mean
transport through the section between New Zealand and Antarctica at 168° E
increases by 9.6 Sv and is diagnosed as 187.6 ± 7 Sv, the values of heat and salt
fluxes through this section are calculated as 2.55 ± 0.12 PW and 6.64 ± 0.24
Tg s
−1 , respectively.
The Southern Ocean heat budget is negative except for the Australian region.
The heat losses were diagnosed as 0.2 PW in the Atlantic sector, 0.3 PW in the
Indian sector, and 0.4 PW in the Pacific sector. The net Southern Ocean heat loss is
0.4 PW due to 0.5 PW heat gain in the region south of Australia.
Modeling Study of the Antarctic Circumpolar …
491