of 21 m. Such motions can be attributed to internal wave mode 2 of the convex
type. The amplitude of these waves was as high as 7 m.
Conclusions
We presented experimental evidences of the existence of internal wave mode 2 in
different regions of the ocean on the basis of our observations. In addition to the
geographical prevalence of this phenomenon, these examples demonstrated the
variety of types of internal waves of mode 2. We observed a tide-generated solitary
wave of large amplitude near the underwater ridge in the Indian Ocean. Near the
underwater ridge in the Luzon Strait, we observed a 50-m solitary wave of mode 2.
Its generation was associated with the tidal currents. In the shelf zone of the
non-tidal Black Sea, internal inertial waves of both mode 1 and mode 2 were
recorded. Thus, we have demonstrated the occurrence of mode 2 internal waves in
the real oceanic conditions, although we must recognize that mode 1 is a more
widespread phenomenon in the field of oceanic internal waves.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no.
14-50-00095).
References
1. Morozov, E. G. (1995). Semidiurnal internal wave global field. Deep Sea Research, 42(1),
135–148.
2. Sabinin, K. D., & Serebryany, A. N. (2005). Intense internal waves in the ocean. Journal of
Marine Researh, 63(1), 227–261.
3. Konyaev, K. V., Sabinin, K. D., & Serebryany, A. N. (1995). Large-amplitude internal waves
at the Mascarene Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research, 42(11–12), 2075–2091.
4. Morozov, E. G., & Vlasenko, V. I. (1996). Extreme tidal internal waves near the Mascarene
Ridge. Journal of Marine Systems, 9(3–4), 203–210.
5. Vlasenko, V. I., & Morozov, E. G. (1993). Generation of semidiurnal internal waves near a
submarine ridge. Oceanology, 33(3), 282–286.
6. Alford, M. H., Peacock, T., MacKinnon, J. A., et al. (2015). The formation and fate of internal
waves in the South China Sea. Nature, 521(7550), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature14399.
7. Duda, T., Lynch, J., Irish, J., Beardsley, R., Ramp, S., Chiu, C.-S., et al. (2004). Internal tide
and nonlinear internal wave behavior at the continental slope in the Northern South China
Sea. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 29(4), 1105–1130.
8. Yang, Y. J., Fang, Y. C., Chang, M.-H., Ramp, S. R., Kao, C.-C., Tang, T. Y. (2009).
Observations of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves on the continental slope of the
northern South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 (C10003). https://
doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005318.
9. Yang, Y. J., Fang, Y. C., Tang, T. Y., & Ramp, S. R. (2010). Convex and concave types
of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 17,
605–614. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-605-2010.
218
A. N. Serebryany
type. The amplitude of these waves was as high as 7 m.
Conclusions
We presented experimental evidences of the existence of internal wave mode 2 in
different regions of the ocean on the basis of our observations. In addition to the
geographical prevalence of this phenomenon, these examples demonstrated the
variety of types of internal waves of mode 2. We observed a tide-generated solitary
wave of large amplitude near the underwater ridge in the Indian Ocean. Near the
underwater ridge in the Luzon Strait, we observed a 50-m solitary wave of mode 2.
Its generation was associated with the tidal currents. In the shelf zone of the
non-tidal Black Sea, internal inertial waves of both mode 1 and mode 2 were
recorded. Thus, we have demonstrated the occurrence of mode 2 internal waves in
the real oceanic conditions, although we must recognize that mode 1 is a more
widespread phenomenon in the field of oceanic internal waves.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no.
14-50-00095).
References
1. Morozov, E. G. (1995). Semidiurnal internal wave global field. Deep Sea Research, 42(1),
135–148.
2. Sabinin, K. D., & Serebryany, A. N. (2005). Intense internal waves in the ocean. Journal of
Marine Researh, 63(1), 227–261.
3. Konyaev, K. V., Sabinin, K. D., & Serebryany, A. N. (1995). Large-amplitude internal waves
at the Mascarene Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research, 42(11–12), 2075–2091.
4. Morozov, E. G., & Vlasenko, V. I. (1996). Extreme tidal internal waves near the Mascarene
Ridge. Journal of Marine Systems, 9(3–4), 203–210.
5. Vlasenko, V. I., & Morozov, E. G. (1993). Generation of semidiurnal internal waves near a
submarine ridge. Oceanology, 33(3), 282–286.
6. Alford, M. H., Peacock, T., MacKinnon, J. A., et al. (2015). The formation and fate of internal
waves in the South China Sea. Nature, 521(7550), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature14399.
7. Duda, T., Lynch, J., Irish, J., Beardsley, R., Ramp, S., Chiu, C.-S., et al. (2004). Internal tide
and nonlinear internal wave behavior at the continental slope in the Northern South China
Sea. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 29(4), 1105–1130.
8. Yang, Y. J., Fang, Y. C., Chang, M.-H., Ramp, S. R., Kao, C.-C., Tang, T. Y. (2009).
Observations of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves on the continental slope of the
northern South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114 (C10003). https://
doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005318.
9. Yang, Y. J., Fang, Y. C., Tang, T. Y., & Ramp, S. R. (2010). Convex and concave types
of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 17,
605–614. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-605-2010.
218
A. N. Serebryany