244 David Prandle
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PRaJu::n Table 13.1 Range ofuser requirements
While such programmes are clearly essential in establishing causal mechanisms,
additional efforts are necessary in the coastal zone. Shelf seas are important both
globally and nationally since, cumulatively, they form part of the 'causal mechanisms' and, locally, they suffer most directly the 'impacts'. Thus maintaining the
balance between exploitation and conservation is especially difficult. Effective
management requires an improved scientific understanding of the sea, expressed in
computer-based models able to differentiate (and predict) the impact of man's
activities from natural variability.
While the atmosphere is the major route by which most pollutants reach the open
oceans, the situation in coastal areas like the North Sea with major rivers is less
clear, but riverine, direct dumping, and atmospheric routes are all likely to be
important.