References
275
Luyten, J. R., Stommel H., and Wunsch C., 1985: A diagnostic study of the Northern Atlantic
subpolar gyre. J. Phys. Ocean., 15, 1344-1348.
Marshall, J.C. and Nurser, J.G., 1992: Fluid dynamics of oceanic thermocline ventilation. J. Phys.
Ocean., 22, 583-595.
Marshall, J.C., Nurser A.J., and Williams R.G., 1993: Inferring the subduction rate and period
over the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Ocean., 23, 1315-1329.
Montgomery, R. B., 1938: Circulation in upper layers of southern North Atlantic deduced with the
use of isentropic analysis. Papers Phys. Ocean, and Meteorology, MIT, 6(2), 55 pp.
Pedlosky, J., 1987 a: Thermocline theories. In, General circulation of the ocean. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York, Eds Abarbanel, H. D. I. and Young, W R. pp 291.
Pedlosky, J., 1987b: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg,
NewYork, 710pp.
Pedlosky, J. and Robbins P., 1991: The role of finite mixed-layer thickness in the structure of the
ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Ocean., 21, 1018-1031.
Pedlosky, J. and Young WR., 1983: Ventilation, potential-vorticity homogenization and the
structure of the ocean circulation. J. Phys. Ocean., 13, 2020-2037.
Pedlosky, J., Smith, W and Luyten, J.R., 1984: On the dynamics of the coupled mixed-layerthermocline system and the determination of the oceanic surface density. J. Phys. Ocean., 14,
1159-1171.
Price, J. F., Weller R. A., and Pinkel R., 1986: Diurnal cycling: observations and models of the
upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 84118427.
Price, J.F., Weller R.A., and Schudlich R.R., 1987: Wind-driven currents and Ekman transport.
Science, 288, 1534-1538.
Qiu, B. and Huang R.X., 1995: Ventilation of the North Atlantic and North Pacific: subduction vs.
obduction. J. Phys. Ocean., 25, 2374-2390.
Robinson, A. R. R. and Stommel H., 1959: The ocean thermocline and associated thermocline circulation. Tellus, 11, 295-308.
Sarmiento, J.L., Rooth C. G. H., and Roether W, 1982: The North Atlantic tritium distribution in
1972. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8047-8056.
Stommel, H., 1979: Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from the
Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below. Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 3051-3055.
Stommel, H., 1984: The delicate interplay between wind-stress and buoyancy input in ocean
circulation: the Goldsbrough variations. Crawfoord Prize Lecture, published in Tellus., 36A,
111-119.
Stommel, H., and Schott, F., 1977: The beta spiral and the determination of the absolute velocity
field from hydrographic data. Deep - Sea Res., 24, 325--329.
Talley, L.D., 1985: Ventilation of the subtropical North Pacific: the shallow salinity minimum.
J. Phys. Ocean., 15, 633-649.
Veronis, G., 1969: On theoretical models of the thermocline circulation. Deep Sea Res., 16, 301-323.
Welander, P., 1959: An advective model of the ocean thermocline. Tellus., 11, 309-318.
Welander, P., 1971: Some exact solutions to the equations describing an ideal-fluid thermocline.
J. Mar. Res., 29, 60-68.
Williams, R.G., 1989: The influence of air-sea interaction on the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys.
Ocean., 19, 1255-1267.
Williams, R.G., Spall M.A., and Marshall J.C., 1994: Does Stommel's mixed laer demon' work?
J. Phys. Ocean., 25, 3080-3102.
Woods, J.D., 1988: A Lagrangian mixed-layer model of Atlantic 18° C water formation. Nature,
319, 574-576.
Woods, J.D., and Barkmann, W., 1986: The response of the upper ocean to solar heating. I. Q. J. R.
Meteor. Soc., 112, 1-27.
Young, W.R., and Rhines, P.B., 1982: A theory of the wind-driven ocean circulation. II. Gyres with
western boundary layers. J. Mar. Res., 40, 849-872.
275
Luyten, J. R., Stommel H., and Wunsch C., 1985: A diagnostic study of the Northern Atlantic
subpolar gyre. J. Phys. Ocean., 15, 1344-1348.
Marshall, J.C. and Nurser, J.G., 1992: Fluid dynamics of oceanic thermocline ventilation. J. Phys.
Ocean., 22, 583-595.
Marshall, J.C., Nurser A.J., and Williams R.G., 1993: Inferring the subduction rate and period
over the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Ocean., 23, 1315-1329.
Montgomery, R. B., 1938: Circulation in upper layers of southern North Atlantic deduced with the
use of isentropic analysis. Papers Phys. Ocean, and Meteorology, MIT, 6(2), 55 pp.
Pedlosky, J., 1987 a: Thermocline theories. In, General circulation of the ocean. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York, Eds Abarbanel, H. D. I. and Young, W R. pp 291.
Pedlosky, J., 1987b: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg,
NewYork, 710pp.
Pedlosky, J. and Robbins P., 1991: The role of finite mixed-layer thickness in the structure of the
ventilated thermocline. J. Phys. Ocean., 21, 1018-1031.
Pedlosky, J. and Young WR., 1983: Ventilation, potential-vorticity homogenization and the
structure of the ocean circulation. J. Phys. Ocean., 13, 2020-2037.
Pedlosky, J., Smith, W and Luyten, J.R., 1984: On the dynamics of the coupled mixed-layerthermocline system and the determination of the oceanic surface density. J. Phys. Ocean., 14,
1159-1171.
Price, J. F., Weller R. A., and Pinkel R., 1986: Diurnal cycling: observations and models of the
upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 84118427.
Price, J.F., Weller R.A., and Schudlich R.R., 1987: Wind-driven currents and Ekman transport.
Science, 288, 1534-1538.
Qiu, B. and Huang R.X., 1995: Ventilation of the North Atlantic and North Pacific: subduction vs.
obduction. J. Phys. Ocean., 25, 2374-2390.
Robinson, A. R. R. and Stommel H., 1959: The ocean thermocline and associated thermocline circulation. Tellus, 11, 295-308.
Sarmiento, J.L., Rooth C. G. H., and Roether W, 1982: The North Atlantic tritium distribution in
1972. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8047-8056.
Stommel, H., 1979: Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from the
Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below. Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 3051-3055.
Stommel, H., 1984: The delicate interplay between wind-stress and buoyancy input in ocean
circulation: the Goldsbrough variations. Crawfoord Prize Lecture, published in Tellus., 36A,
111-119.
Stommel, H., and Schott, F., 1977: The beta spiral and the determination of the absolute velocity
field from hydrographic data. Deep - Sea Res., 24, 325--329.
Talley, L.D., 1985: Ventilation of the subtropical North Pacific: the shallow salinity minimum.
J. Phys. Ocean., 15, 633-649.
Veronis, G., 1969: On theoretical models of the thermocline circulation. Deep Sea Res., 16, 301-323.
Welander, P., 1959: An advective model of the ocean thermocline. Tellus., 11, 309-318.
Welander, P., 1971: Some exact solutions to the equations describing an ideal-fluid thermocline.
J. Mar. Res., 29, 60-68.
Williams, R.G., 1989: The influence of air-sea interaction on the ventilated thermocline. J. Phys.
Ocean., 19, 1255-1267.
Williams, R.G., Spall M.A., and Marshall J.C., 1994: Does Stommel's mixed laer demon' work?
J. Phys. Ocean., 25, 3080-3102.
Woods, J.D., 1988: A Lagrangian mixed-layer model of Atlantic 18° C water formation. Nature,
319, 574-576.
Woods, J.D., and Barkmann, W., 1986: The response of the upper ocean to solar heating. I. Q. J. R.
Meteor. Soc., 112, 1-27.
Young, W.R., and Rhines, P.B., 1982: A theory of the wind-driven ocean circulation. II. Gyres with
western boundary layers. J. Mar. Res., 40, 849-872.