684
Paul eta!'
Harmon Craig for providing us with the GEOSECS
8 18 0 w data. We also thank Dr. Martina Piitzold for
supplying their unpublished 8 18 0 data and Sven
Strege 1 for preparing Fig.1. Figs. 2: 4-11 and 13-14
were produced with the help of FERRET program,
which is a product ofNOAA/PMEL. Fig. 12 was
prepared using GMT, i.e. the Generic Mapping Tool
developed by Dr. Paul Wessel and Dr. Walter
Smith. A. P. is very grateful to Ron Pacanowski
who shared with him the latest version ofthe MOM
code and helped him to compile and run it at the
University of Bremen. Thanks also to the NCAR
oceanography section and to Nancy Norton in particular who provided the NCAR ocean model
(NCOM) bathymetry and surface forcing fields.
Finally he thanks Dr. Andreas Manschke for his
continued technical support. We acknowledge the
thorough reviews by Dr. Uwe Mikolajewicz and
Dr. Thomas Stocker that improved the original
manuscript very much. This research was
funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
(Sonderforschungsbereich 261 at Bremen University, Contribution No. 198). Data are available under www.pangaea.delProjects/SFB261.
References
Bauch D (1995) The Distribution ofo"O in the Arctic
Ocean: Implications for the Freshwater Balance of
the Halocline and the Sources of Deep and Bottom
Waters. Ber Polarforsch Bremerhaven 159, pp 1-144
Bemis BE, Spero HJ, Bijma J, Lea DW (1998)
Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of
planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and
revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography 13: 150- 160
Bickert T (1992) Rekonstruktion der spatquartaren
Bodenwasserzirkulation im Ostlichen Stidatlantik
tiber stabile Isotope benthischer Foraminiferen. Ber
Fachber Geowiss Univ Bremen 27, pp 1-205
Birchfield GE (1987) Changes in deep-ocean water 0"0
and temperature from the last glacial maximum to the
present. Paleoceanography 2: 431-442
Boyle EA, Keigwin L (1987) North Atlantic thermohaline
circulation during the last 20,000 years: Link to highlatitude surface temperature. Nature 330: 35-40
Broecker WS (1986) Oxygen isotope constraints on
surface ocean temperatures. Quat Res 26: 121-134
Broecker WS (1989) The salinity contrast between the
Atlantic and Pacfic oceans during glacial time.
Paleoceanography 4: 207-212
Bryan K (1984) Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean climate models. J Phys Oceanogr
14:666-673
Bryan K, Lewis LJ (J 979) A water mass model of the world
ocean circulation. J Geophys Res 84: 2503-2517
Cane MA (1986) Introduction to ocean modeling. In:
O'Brien JJ (ed) Advanced Physical Oceanographic
Modelling. NATO ASI Series C 186, Reidel,
Dordrecht, pp 5-21
Craig H (1961) Standard for reporting concentrations of
deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural waters. Science
133: 1833-1834
Craig H, Gordon LI (1965) Isotopic oceanography: Deuterium and oxygen-l 8 variations in the ocean and the
marine atmosphere. In: Tongiorgi E (ed) Proceedings
of the Third Spoleto Conference. Consiglio
Nazionale Delle Ricerche, pp 9-130
Curry WB, Duplessy JC, Labeyrie LD, Shackleton NJ
(1988) Changes in the distribution of Ol3C of deep
water CO 2 between the last glaciation and the
holocene. Paleoceanography 3: 317-341
Danabasoglu G, McWilliams JC (1995) Sensitivity of the
glo bal ocean circulation to parameterizations of
mesoscale tracer transports. J Climate 8: 2967-2987
Danabasoglu G, McWilliams JC, Large WG (1996).
Approach to equilibrium in accelerated global oceanic models. J Climate 9: 1092-111 0
Duplessy JC, Shackleton NJ, Fairbanks RG, Labeyrie LD,
Oppo D, Kallel N (J 988) Deepwater source variations
during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the
global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 3:
343-360
Duplessy JC, Labeyrie LD, Juillet-Leclerc A, Maitre F,
Duprat J, Sarnthein M (J 991) Surface salinity reconstruction of the North Atlantic Ocean during the last
glacial maximum. OceanolActa 14: 311-324
Emery WJ, Meincke J (J 986) Global water masses: summary and review. Oceanol Acta 9: 383-391
Erez J, Luz B (1983) Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta47: 1025-1031
Fairbanks RG, Charles CD, Wright JD (1992) Origin of
global meltwater pulses. In: Taylor RE (ed) Radiocarbon after four decades. Springer, Berlin
Heidelberg New York, pp 473-500
Fanning AF, Weaver AJ (1996) An atmospheric energymoisture balance model: climatology, interpentadal
climate change, and coupling to an ocean general
circulation model. J Geophys Res 101 (DI0):
15,111-15,128
Paul eta!'
Harmon Craig for providing us with the GEOSECS
8 18 0 w data. We also thank Dr. Martina Piitzold for
supplying their unpublished 8 18 0 data and Sven
Strege 1 for preparing Fig.1. Figs. 2: 4-11 and 13-14
were produced with the help of FERRET program,
which is a product ofNOAA/PMEL. Fig. 12 was
prepared using GMT, i.e. the Generic Mapping Tool
developed by Dr. Paul Wessel and Dr. Walter
Smith. A. P. is very grateful to Ron Pacanowski
who shared with him the latest version ofthe MOM
code and helped him to compile and run it at the
University of Bremen. Thanks also to the NCAR
oceanography section and to Nancy Norton in particular who provided the NCAR ocean model
(NCOM) bathymetry and surface forcing fields.
Finally he thanks Dr. Andreas Manschke for his
continued technical support. We acknowledge the
thorough reviews by Dr. Uwe Mikolajewicz and
Dr. Thomas Stocker that improved the original
manuscript very much. This research was
funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
(Sonderforschungsbereich 261 at Bremen University, Contribution No. 198). Data are available under www.pangaea.delProjects/SFB261.
References
Bauch D (1995) The Distribution ofo"O in the Arctic
Ocean: Implications for the Freshwater Balance of
the Halocline and the Sources of Deep and Bottom
Waters. Ber Polarforsch Bremerhaven 159, pp 1-144
Bemis BE, Spero HJ, Bijma J, Lea DW (1998)
Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of
planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and
revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography 13: 150- 160
Bickert T (1992) Rekonstruktion der spatquartaren
Bodenwasserzirkulation im Ostlichen Stidatlantik
tiber stabile Isotope benthischer Foraminiferen. Ber
Fachber Geowiss Univ Bremen 27, pp 1-205
Birchfield GE (1987) Changes in deep-ocean water 0"0
and temperature from the last glacial maximum to the
present. Paleoceanography 2: 431-442
Boyle EA, Keigwin L (1987) North Atlantic thermohaline
circulation during the last 20,000 years: Link to highlatitude surface temperature. Nature 330: 35-40
Broecker WS (1986) Oxygen isotope constraints on
surface ocean temperatures. Quat Res 26: 121-134
Broecker WS (1989) The salinity contrast between the
Atlantic and Pacfic oceans during glacial time.
Paleoceanography 4: 207-212
Bryan K (1984) Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean climate models. J Phys Oceanogr
14:666-673
Bryan K, Lewis LJ (J 979) A water mass model of the world
ocean circulation. J Geophys Res 84: 2503-2517
Cane MA (1986) Introduction to ocean modeling. In:
O'Brien JJ (ed) Advanced Physical Oceanographic
Modelling. NATO ASI Series C 186, Reidel,
Dordrecht, pp 5-21
Craig H (1961) Standard for reporting concentrations of
deuterium and oxygen-18 in natural waters. Science
133: 1833-1834
Craig H, Gordon LI (1965) Isotopic oceanography: Deuterium and oxygen-l 8 variations in the ocean and the
marine atmosphere. In: Tongiorgi E (ed) Proceedings
of the Third Spoleto Conference. Consiglio
Nazionale Delle Ricerche, pp 9-130
Curry WB, Duplessy JC, Labeyrie LD, Shackleton NJ
(1988) Changes in the distribution of Ol3C of deep
water CO 2 between the last glaciation and the
holocene. Paleoceanography 3: 317-341
Danabasoglu G, McWilliams JC (1995) Sensitivity of the
glo bal ocean circulation to parameterizations of
mesoscale tracer transports. J Climate 8: 2967-2987
Danabasoglu G, McWilliams JC, Large WG (1996).
Approach to equilibrium in accelerated global oceanic models. J Climate 9: 1092-111 0
Duplessy JC, Shackleton NJ, Fairbanks RG, Labeyrie LD,
Oppo D, Kallel N (J 988) Deepwater source variations
during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the
global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 3:
343-360
Duplessy JC, Labeyrie LD, Juillet-Leclerc A, Maitre F,
Duprat J, Sarnthein M (J 991) Surface salinity reconstruction of the North Atlantic Ocean during the last
glacial maximum. OceanolActa 14: 311-324
Emery WJ, Meincke J (J 986) Global water masses: summary and review. Oceanol Acta 9: 383-391
Erez J, Luz B (1983) Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera. Geochim Cosmochim
Acta47: 1025-1031
Fairbanks RG, Charles CD, Wright JD (1992) Origin of
global meltwater pulses. In: Taylor RE (ed) Radiocarbon after four decades. Springer, Berlin
Heidelberg New York, pp 473-500
Fanning AF, Weaver AJ (1996) An atmospheric energymoisture balance model: climatology, interpentadal
climate change, and coupling to an ocean general
circulation model. J Geophys Res 101 (DI0):
15,111-15,128