Appendix 1. List of important proxies.
Parameter
Proxy
Basic assumption(s/ Empirical relationship
Selected reference(s)'
Physical Properties
temperature la
IKM (Imbrie and
1) assemblage
statistical treatment of
Imbrie and Kipp (1971);
Kipp Method)
composition
downcore changes
in the Kiovan et aI. (1971)
determined by one
faunal or floral
environmental
assemblage
parameter (bioI.
compositions (assumed
control)
to reflect the
2)
no evolutionary
community's response to
adaptation
changes in the
3) assemblage is
environmental
parameter
unaffected by post
in question)
depositional processes
Ib
MAT (Modern
see 1a
see la
Hutson (1977)
Analog
Technique)
Ie
SIMMAX(=
see 1a
see 1a
Ptlaumann et aI. (1996)
MAT with a
Hale and Pflaumann
similarity index)
(this volume)
Id
RAM (Revised
see 13
see 13
Waelbroeck et aI.
Analog Method)
(1998)
2a
0"0 (calcite)
the difference between
T (0C) = a
+ b(O, -0)
+ Urey (1947);
0c and
Ow decreases
c(o,
-Ow)'
McCrea (1950);
with increasing
Emiliani (1955)
temperature
where
i5w =
f (S, ice(thermodynamic
equilibrium)
volume)
2b
0"0 (opal)
see2a
T (OC) = A· 4.1(0, -ow)
Degens and Epstein
(Labeyrie 1974)
(1962);
Labeyrie (1974);
Where A depends on the
Schmidt
et aI. (1997);
conditions of treatment
of the unstable oxygen
Shemesh et aI. (1994)
(analytical constraint)
Precision (lab.
Accuracl
revroducib.)
errors may be
± 1-1.5 °C
introduced due to
taxonomic
± 1.6 °C
problems. especially
in the small size
fractions (see also
Darling et aI. 1997;
Wade et aI. 1996).
see
1a
±0.7-2.7°C
see 1a
±0.95°C
see 1a
± 0.4-1.9 °C
±O.05 %0
± 1°C
(=>± 0.4 °C; based
(see Rohling
on O'Neil
et aI.
and Bigg
(1969))
1998)
±O.l %0
?
(=>±0.8°C)
±O.2 %0
Pitfalls
I) assumption no. I is probably
incorrect! (water mass boundaries!)
2) uncertainty
about seasonality and
depth-habitat
3)
"no analog situation", i.e. when a
downcore assemblage composition
does not exist in
the reference data
set.
4) selective dissolution
see
la, but "no analog" more
difficult to recognize
see
la, but .,no analog" more
difficult to recognize
see la, but "no analog" more
difficult to recognize
1)
i5w (ice volume effect) and
regional o.,..-S relationship unknown
2) vital effects ([CO/-J.
photosynthesis, respiration,
crusting)
3) diagenesis
additionally for opal:
1) species separation impossible (i.e.
no control on species effects)
2) oxygen exchange during
dehydration
u,
0-,
~
&
...,
~
f".