Alkenone (iIlC as a Proxy for Past PC 0, in Surface Waters
485
Boyle EA (1988) Vertical oceanic nutrient fractionation
and glacial/interglacial CO, cycles. Nature 331:
55-56
Brassell SC (1993) Applications of biomarkers for delineating marine paleoclimatic fluctuations during the
Pleistocene. In: Engel MH, Macko SA (eds) Organic
Geochemistry - Principles and Applications, Plenum
Press, New York, pp 699-738
Broecker WS (1982) Glacial to interglacial changes in
ocean chemistry. Progr Oceanogr 11: 151-197
Burns BD, Beardall J (1987) Utilization of inorganic carbon bymarinemicroalgae. JExp BioI Ecol 107: 75-86
Curry WB, Crowley TJ (1987) The (iI3C of Equatorial
Atlantic surface waters: Implications for ice age pCO,
levels. Paleoceanography 2: 489-517
Degens ET, Guillard RRL, Sackett WM, Hellebust JA
(1968) Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes in
marine plankton - I. Temperature and respiration experiments. Deep-Sea Res 15: 1-9
Descolas-Gros C, Fontugne MR (1985) Carbon fixation
in marine phytoplankton: carboxylase activities
and stable carbon-iotope ratios; physiological and
paleoclimatological aspects. Mar BioI 87: 1-6
Fairbanks RG, Sverdlove M, Free R, Wiebe PH, Be A WE
(1982) Vertical distribution and isotopic fractionation
ofliving planktonic foraminifera from the Panama
Basin. Nature 298: 841-844
Farquhar GD, O'Leary MH, Berry JA (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and
the intracellular carbon dioxide concentration in
leaves. AustJ Plant Physiol9: 121-137
Feely RA, WanninkhofR, Cosca CE, Murphy PP, Lamb
MF, Steckley MD (1995) CO, distributions in the
equatorial Pacific during the 1991-1992 ENSO event.
Deep-Sea Res II 42: 365-386
Finney BP, Lyle MW, Heath GR(1988) Sedimentation at
MANOP site H (eastern equatorial Pacific) over the
past 400,000 years: Climatically induced redox variations and their effects on transition metal cycling.
Paleoceanography 3: 169-189
FischerG, MtillerPJ, WeferG (1998) Latitudinal (i 13 C mg
variations in sinking matter and sediments from the
South Atlantic: effects of anthropogenic CO, and
implications for palaeo-PCO, reconstructions. J Mar
Syst 17: 471-495
Fontugne MR, Calvert SE (1992) Late Pleistocene variability of the carbon isotopic composition of organic
matter in the eastern Mediterranean: Monitor of
changes in carbon sources and atmospheric CO,
concentrations. Paleoceanography 7: 1-20
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Burckle LH (1992) Glacial to
interglacial changes in surface nitrate utilization in
the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as recorded
by sediment (i1'N. Paleoceanography 7: 589-606
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Goericke R, McCorkle DC,
Brunet C, Poisson A (1993) Changes in the (iIlC of
surface water particulate organic matter across the
subtropical convergence in the SW Indian Ocean.
Global Biogeochem Cycles 7: 627-644
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Sigman D (1996) Bulk sediment
(i1'N as a tool in paleoceanography. 1996 V.M.
Goldschmidt Conference. Journal of Conference
Abstracts 1, pp 1-177
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Ein-Fen Yu, Sigman DM, Bacon MP, Frank M, Bohrmann G, Bareille G, Layberie
LD (1997) Contribution of Southern Ocean surfacewater stratification to low atmospheric CO, concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389:
829-935
Freeman KH, Hayes JM (1992) Fractionation of carbon
isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient
CO,levels. Global Biogeochem Cycles 6: 185-198
Freeman KH, Hayes JM, TrendelJ-M, Albrecht P (1990)
Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for
diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons.
Nature 343: 254-256
FryB, Wainright SC (1991) Diatom sources of IlC-rich
carbon in marine food webs. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 76:
149-157
Ganeshram RS, Pedersen TF, Calvert SE, Murray JW
(1995) Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods. Nature 376:
755-758
Garyon VC, Thomas F, Wong CS, Minster J-F (1992)
Gaining insight into the seasonal variability of CO,
at ocean station P using an upper ocean model.
Deep-Sea Res 39: 921-938
Goericke R, Montoya JP, Fry B (1994) Physiology of isotope fractionation in algae and cyanobacteria. In:
Lajtha K, Michener RH (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell Science
Publications, Oxford, pp 187-221
Grice K, Klein Breteler WCM, Schouten S, Grossi V,
de Leeuw JW, Sinninghe Damste (1998) Effects of
zooplankton herbivory on biomarker proxy records.
Paleoceanography 13: 686-693
Hayes JM, Freeman KH, Popp BN, Hoham CH (1990)
Compound-specific analyses, a novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes. Org
Geochem 16: 1115-1128
HeinzeC, Maier-ReimerE, Winn K(1991)Glacial pCO,
reduction by the world ocean: experiments with the
Hamburg Carbon Cycle Model. Paleoceanography
6:395-430
485
Boyle EA (1988) Vertical oceanic nutrient fractionation
and glacial/interglacial CO, cycles. Nature 331:
55-56
Brassell SC (1993) Applications of biomarkers for delineating marine paleoclimatic fluctuations during the
Pleistocene. In: Engel MH, Macko SA (eds) Organic
Geochemistry - Principles and Applications, Plenum
Press, New York, pp 699-738
Broecker WS (1982) Glacial to interglacial changes in
ocean chemistry. Progr Oceanogr 11: 151-197
Burns BD, Beardall J (1987) Utilization of inorganic carbon bymarinemicroalgae. JExp BioI Ecol 107: 75-86
Curry WB, Crowley TJ (1987) The (iI3C of Equatorial
Atlantic surface waters: Implications for ice age pCO,
levels. Paleoceanography 2: 489-517
Degens ET, Guillard RRL, Sackett WM, Hellebust JA
(1968) Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes in
marine plankton - I. Temperature and respiration experiments. Deep-Sea Res 15: 1-9
Descolas-Gros C, Fontugne MR (1985) Carbon fixation
in marine phytoplankton: carboxylase activities
and stable carbon-iotope ratios; physiological and
paleoclimatological aspects. Mar BioI 87: 1-6
Fairbanks RG, Sverdlove M, Free R, Wiebe PH, Be A WE
(1982) Vertical distribution and isotopic fractionation
ofliving planktonic foraminifera from the Panama
Basin. Nature 298: 841-844
Farquhar GD, O'Leary MH, Berry JA (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and
the intracellular carbon dioxide concentration in
leaves. AustJ Plant Physiol9: 121-137
Feely RA, WanninkhofR, Cosca CE, Murphy PP, Lamb
MF, Steckley MD (1995) CO, distributions in the
equatorial Pacific during the 1991-1992 ENSO event.
Deep-Sea Res II 42: 365-386
Finney BP, Lyle MW, Heath GR(1988) Sedimentation at
MANOP site H (eastern equatorial Pacific) over the
past 400,000 years: Climatically induced redox variations and their effects on transition metal cycling.
Paleoceanography 3: 169-189
FischerG, MtillerPJ, WeferG (1998) Latitudinal (i 13 C mg
variations in sinking matter and sediments from the
South Atlantic: effects of anthropogenic CO, and
implications for palaeo-PCO, reconstructions. J Mar
Syst 17: 471-495
Fontugne MR, Calvert SE (1992) Late Pleistocene variability of the carbon isotopic composition of organic
matter in the eastern Mediterranean: Monitor of
changes in carbon sources and atmospheric CO,
concentrations. Paleoceanography 7: 1-20
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Burckle LH (1992) Glacial to
interglacial changes in surface nitrate utilization in
the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as recorded
by sediment (i1'N. Paleoceanography 7: 589-606
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Goericke R, McCorkle DC,
Brunet C, Poisson A (1993) Changes in the (iIlC of
surface water particulate organic matter across the
subtropical convergence in the SW Indian Ocean.
Global Biogeochem Cycles 7: 627-644
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Sigman D (1996) Bulk sediment
(i1'N as a tool in paleoceanography. 1996 V.M.
Goldschmidt Conference. Journal of Conference
Abstracts 1, pp 1-177
Franyois R, Altabet MA, Ein-Fen Yu, Sigman DM, Bacon MP, Frank M, Bohrmann G, Bareille G, Layberie
LD (1997) Contribution of Southern Ocean surfacewater stratification to low atmospheric CO, concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389:
829-935
Freeman KH, Hayes JM (1992) Fractionation of carbon
isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient
CO,levels. Global Biogeochem Cycles 6: 185-198
Freeman KH, Hayes JM, TrendelJ-M, Albrecht P (1990)
Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for
diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons.
Nature 343: 254-256
FryB, Wainright SC (1991) Diatom sources of IlC-rich
carbon in marine food webs. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 76:
149-157
Ganeshram RS, Pedersen TF, Calvert SE, Murray JW
(1995) Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods. Nature 376:
755-758
Garyon VC, Thomas F, Wong CS, Minster J-F (1992)
Gaining insight into the seasonal variability of CO,
at ocean station P using an upper ocean model.
Deep-Sea Res 39: 921-938
Goericke R, Montoya JP, Fry B (1994) Physiology of isotope fractionation in algae and cyanobacteria. In:
Lajtha K, Michener RH (eds) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell Science
Publications, Oxford, pp 187-221
Grice K, Klein Breteler WCM, Schouten S, Grossi V,
de Leeuw JW, Sinninghe Damste (1998) Effects of
zooplankton herbivory on biomarker proxy records.
Paleoceanography 13: 686-693
Hayes JM, Freeman KH, Popp BN, Hoham CH (1990)
Compound-specific analyses, a novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes. Org
Geochem 16: 1115-1128
HeinzeC, Maier-ReimerE, Winn K(1991)Glacial pCO,
reduction by the world ocean: experiments with the
Hamburg Carbon Cycle Model. Paleoceanography
6:395-430