Organic Carbon and Carbonate as Paleoproductivity Proxies
341
ocean. Nature 282: 677-680
Fischer G, Wefer G (1995) Downward particulate matter
fluxes in the eastern and western equatorial
Atlantic: A comparison. In: Tsunogai S, Iseki K,
Koike I, Oba T (eds) Global Fluxes of Carbon and its
related Substances in the Coastal Sea-ocean-atmosphere System. M&J International, Yokohama, Japan,
pp317-331
FischerG, WeferG(1996)Long-termobservationofparticle fluxes in the eastern Atlantic: Seasonality,
changes of flux with depth and comparison with the
sediment record. In: Wefer G, Berger WH, Siedler G,
Webb DJ (eds) The South Atlantic: Present and Past
Circulation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York,
pp325-344
Francois R, Bacon MP, Suman DO (1990) Thorium-230
profiling in deep-sea sediments: High resolution
records of flux and dissolution of carbonate in the
equatorial Atlantic during the last 24,000 years.
Paleoceanography 5: 761-787
Francois R, Altabet MA, Yu E-F, Sigman DM, Bacon MP,
Frank M, Bohrmann G, Bareille G, Labeyrie LD (I 997)
Contribution of Southern Ocean surface water stratification to low atmospheric CO, concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389: 929-935
Frank M, Gersonde R, Rutgers van der LoeffM, Kuhn
G, Mangini A (1996) Late Quaternary sediment dating and quantification oflateral sediment redistribution applying 23°Tho<: A study from the eastern
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geol
Rundsch 85: 554-566
Froehlich PN, Klinkhammer GP, Bender ML, Luedtke
NA, Heath GR, Cullen D, Dauphin P, Hammond D,
Hartmann B, Maynard V (1979) Early oxidation of
organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern
equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim
CosmochimActa43: 1075-1090
Fry B, Sherr EB (1984) 1)l3C measurements as indicators
of carbon flow in marine sediments and freshwater
ecosystems. Contr Mar Sci 27: 13-47
Gardner N, Dean W, Dartnell P (1997) Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current system for the
past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance.
Paleoceanography 12: 207-225
Gingele F, Dahmke A (1994) Discrete barite particles and
barium as tracers of paleoproductivity in South
Atlantic sediments. Paleoceanography 9: 151-168
Giraudeau J, Bailey GW (1995) Spatial dynamics of
coccolithophore communities during an upwelling
event in the Southern Benguela system. Continental Shelf Res 15: 1825-1852
Glud RN, Gundersen JK, J0rgensen BB, Revsbech NP,
Schulz HD (1994) Diffusive and total oxygen uptake
of deep-sea sediments in the eastern South Atlantic
Ocean: In situ and laboratory measurements. DeepSeaRes41: 1767-1788
Hales B, Emerson S (1997) Calcite dissolution in
sediments ofthe Ceara Rise: In situ measurements
of porewater 0" pH, and CO,(.q), Geochim
CosmochimActa61: 501-514
Hartnett HE, Keil, RG Hedges JI, Devol AH (1998) Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon
preservation in continental margin sediments.
Nature 391: 572-574.
Heath GR, Moore TC, Dauphin JP (1977) Organic carbon in deep-sea sediments. In: Andersen HR,
Malahoff A (eds) The fate offossil fuel CO, in the
oceans. Plenum Press, New York, pp 605-625
Hedges JI, Keil RG (1995) Sedimentary organic matter
preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar Chern 49: 81-115
Hentschel E (1936) Allgemeine Biologie des Siidatlantischen Ozeans. In: Defant A (ed) Wiss Ergeb
Deutsch Atlant Exp auf dem Vermessungs &
ForschungsschiffMeteor, 1925-1927, Bd XI, de
Gruyter, Berlin, pp 1-343
Herbert TS, Curry WB, Barron JA, Codispoti LA,
Gersonde R, Keir RS, Mix AC, Mycke B, Schrader H,
Stein R, Thierstein, HR (1989) Geological reconstruction of marine productivity. In: Berger WH, Smetacek
VS, Wefer G (eds) Productivity of the ocean: Present
and Past. J Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 409-428
Herguera JC, Berger WH (1991) Paleoproductivity from
benthic foraminifera abundance: Glacial to postglacial change in the west-equatorial Pacific. Geology
19: 1173-1176
HillI C, Karwarth B, Riihlemann C, Zonneveld KAF,
Willems H (1998) Calcareous dinoflagellates as recorders of low productivity conditions: Evidence
from comparison of eastern and western tropical
Atlantic sediment cores. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecol, subm
Hohnes EM, Schneider RR, MUller PJ, Segl M, Wefer G
(1997) Reconstructions of past nutrient utilization in
the eastern Angola Basin based on sedimentary
I'N/14N ratios. Paleoceanography 12: 604-614
Howard WR, Prell WL (1994) Late Quaternary CaCO,
production and preservation in the Southern Ocean:
Implications for oceanic and atmospheric carbon
cycling. Paleoceanography 9: 453-482
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Martinson DG, McIntyre A, Mix AC,
Morley JJ, Pisias NG, Prell WL, Shackleton NJ (1984)
The orbital theory of pleistocene climate: Support
from a revised chronology of the marine 1)1'0 record.
341
ocean. Nature 282: 677-680
Fischer G, Wefer G (1995) Downward particulate matter
fluxes in the eastern and western equatorial
Atlantic: A comparison. In: Tsunogai S, Iseki K,
Koike I, Oba T (eds) Global Fluxes of Carbon and its
related Substances in the Coastal Sea-ocean-atmosphere System. M&J International, Yokohama, Japan,
pp317-331
FischerG, WeferG(1996)Long-termobservationofparticle fluxes in the eastern Atlantic: Seasonality,
changes of flux with depth and comparison with the
sediment record. In: Wefer G, Berger WH, Siedler G,
Webb DJ (eds) The South Atlantic: Present and Past
Circulation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York,
pp325-344
Francois R, Bacon MP, Suman DO (1990) Thorium-230
profiling in deep-sea sediments: High resolution
records of flux and dissolution of carbonate in the
equatorial Atlantic during the last 24,000 years.
Paleoceanography 5: 761-787
Francois R, Altabet MA, Yu E-F, Sigman DM, Bacon MP,
Frank M, Bohrmann G, Bareille G, Labeyrie LD (I 997)
Contribution of Southern Ocean surface water stratification to low atmospheric CO, concentrations during the last glacial period. Nature 389: 929-935
Frank M, Gersonde R, Rutgers van der LoeffM, Kuhn
G, Mangini A (1996) Late Quaternary sediment dating and quantification oflateral sediment redistribution applying 23°Tho<: A study from the eastern
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geol
Rundsch 85: 554-566
Froehlich PN, Klinkhammer GP, Bender ML, Luedtke
NA, Heath GR, Cullen D, Dauphin P, Hammond D,
Hartmann B, Maynard V (1979) Early oxidation of
organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern
equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim
CosmochimActa43: 1075-1090
Fry B, Sherr EB (1984) 1)l3C measurements as indicators
of carbon flow in marine sediments and freshwater
ecosystems. Contr Mar Sci 27: 13-47
Gardner N, Dean W, Dartnell P (1997) Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current system for the
past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance.
Paleoceanography 12: 207-225
Gingele F, Dahmke A (1994) Discrete barite particles and
barium as tracers of paleoproductivity in South
Atlantic sediments. Paleoceanography 9: 151-168
Giraudeau J, Bailey GW (1995) Spatial dynamics of
coccolithophore communities during an upwelling
event in the Southern Benguela system. Continental Shelf Res 15: 1825-1852
Glud RN, Gundersen JK, J0rgensen BB, Revsbech NP,
Schulz HD (1994) Diffusive and total oxygen uptake
of deep-sea sediments in the eastern South Atlantic
Ocean: In situ and laboratory measurements. DeepSeaRes41: 1767-1788
Hales B, Emerson S (1997) Calcite dissolution in
sediments ofthe Ceara Rise: In situ measurements
of porewater 0" pH, and CO,(.q), Geochim
CosmochimActa61: 501-514
Hartnett HE, Keil, RG Hedges JI, Devol AH (1998) Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon
preservation in continental margin sediments.
Nature 391: 572-574.
Heath GR, Moore TC, Dauphin JP (1977) Organic carbon in deep-sea sediments. In: Andersen HR,
Malahoff A (eds) The fate offossil fuel CO, in the
oceans. Plenum Press, New York, pp 605-625
Hedges JI, Keil RG (1995) Sedimentary organic matter
preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar Chern 49: 81-115
Hentschel E (1936) Allgemeine Biologie des Siidatlantischen Ozeans. In: Defant A (ed) Wiss Ergeb
Deutsch Atlant Exp auf dem Vermessungs &
ForschungsschiffMeteor, 1925-1927, Bd XI, de
Gruyter, Berlin, pp 1-343
Herbert TS, Curry WB, Barron JA, Codispoti LA,
Gersonde R, Keir RS, Mix AC, Mycke B, Schrader H,
Stein R, Thierstein, HR (1989) Geological reconstruction of marine productivity. In: Berger WH, Smetacek
VS, Wefer G (eds) Productivity of the ocean: Present
and Past. J Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 409-428
Herguera JC, Berger WH (1991) Paleoproductivity from
benthic foraminifera abundance: Glacial to postglacial change in the west-equatorial Pacific. Geology
19: 1173-1176
HillI C, Karwarth B, Riihlemann C, Zonneveld KAF,
Willems H (1998) Calcareous dinoflagellates as recorders of low productivity conditions: Evidence
from comparison of eastern and western tropical
Atlantic sediment cores. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol
Palaeoecol, subm
Hohnes EM, Schneider RR, MUller PJ, Segl M, Wefer G
(1997) Reconstructions of past nutrient utilization in
the eastern Angola Basin based on sedimentary
I'N/14N ratios. Paleoceanography 12: 604-614
Howard WR, Prell WL (1994) Late Quaternary CaCO,
production and preservation in the Southern Ocean:
Implications for oceanic and atmospheric carbon
cycling. Paleoceanography 9: 453-482
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Martinson DG, McIntyre A, Mix AC,
Morley JJ, Pisias NG, Prell WL, Shackleton NJ (1984)
The orbital theory of pleistocene climate: Support
from a revised chronology of the marine 1)1'0 record.