Kaolinite and Chlorite as Tracers of Modem and Late Quaternary Deep Water Circulation
287
Material and Methods
We refer to more than 900 surface sediment samples (Petschick et al. 1996) and eight sediment cores
recovered by Research Vessels 'Polarstern' and
'Meteor' from representative sites and water depths
of the South Atlantic and adjoining Southern Ocean
(Table I, Fig. 1). Undisturbed surface samples
(0-1 cm) were taken with large box corer, multicorer,
or minicorer (Petschick et aI. 1996), sediment cores
with a gravity or piston corer (Table 1). Sediment
samples from the sediment cores were taken in 10cm intervals repesenting time steps between 2 and
10 ka, depending on the documented sedimentation
rates.
Sample preparation and clay mineral analyses
followed standard techniques described in detail by
Petschick et al. (1996). Bulk samples were treated
with 3-% hydrogenic peroxide solution and 10-%
Core (Gear)
Latitude
Water
Recovery
Longitude
Depth
GeoB 2110-4 (SL)
28° 39.0' S
3011 m
8.29m
45° 31.3' W
PS I 768-8 (SL)
52° 35.6' S
3270m
9.03 m
04° 28.5' E
PS1786-1 (SL)
54° 55.4' S
5826m
2.32m
31°43.2'W
PS2082- I (SL)
43° 13.2' S
4610m
13.91 m
II ° 44.3' E
PS2495-3 (SL)
41° 17.2'S
3131 m
9.05 m
14° 30.0' W
PS2498- I (SL)
44° 09.2' S
3783 m
I I.61 m
4° 13.7' W
PS2499-5 (KOL)
46° 30.7' S
3175m
15.53 m
15° 20.0' W
PS2564-3 (KOL)
46° 08.5' S
3035 m
10.92m
35° 53.9' E
acetic acid for disaggregation and removal of organic carbon and carbonate. Grain-size separation
ofthe clay fraction was achieved through Stokes'
law settling procedure in glass tubes. The weight
proportion of clay was related to the sum of sand,
silt, and clay.
XRD measurements were run on preferentially
oriented clay mounts with a Philips PW 1820 device, using CoKa radiation (40 kV, 40 mA). Each
sample was analysed between 2° and 40° 20, with
a step size of 0.02° in the air-dry state and after
ethylene glycol solvation. Additionally, a slow scan
between 28° and 30.5° 20 with steps of 0.005° 20
was performed on the glycolated mounts to obtain
a better resolution of the 3.54/3.58 A kaolinite/
chlorite double peak. Evaluation of the diffractograms was conducted on a Apple Personal Computer using the 'MacDiff' software (Pets chick,
Cruise
Age Model
(Report)
M23/2
Mulitza (I 994),
(Bleil et a!. 1994)
Ruhlemann (unpublished)
ANT-VIII/3
Niebler (1995),
(Gersonde and
Frank et al. (this volume)
Hempel 1990)
Gersonde and Zielinski
(unpublished)
ANT-IX/4
Mackensen et al. (1994),
(Bathmann et al. 1992)
Brathauer (1996)
ANT-XI/2
Mackensen (unpublished)
(Gersonde 1995)
Mackensen (unpublished)
Frank et al. (this volume)
Frank et al. (this volume)
ANT-XI/4
Mackensen (unpublished)
(Kuhn, in preparation)
Table 1. Sediment core locations with references to cruise reports and age models, (SL) gravity corer, (KOL) piston
corer.
287
Material and Methods
We refer to more than 900 surface sediment samples (Petschick et al. 1996) and eight sediment cores
recovered by Research Vessels 'Polarstern' and
'Meteor' from representative sites and water depths
of the South Atlantic and adjoining Southern Ocean
(Table I, Fig. 1). Undisturbed surface samples
(0-1 cm) were taken with large box corer, multicorer,
or minicorer (Petschick et aI. 1996), sediment cores
with a gravity or piston corer (Table 1). Sediment
samples from the sediment cores were taken in 10cm intervals repesenting time steps between 2 and
10 ka, depending on the documented sedimentation
rates.
Sample preparation and clay mineral analyses
followed standard techniques described in detail by
Petschick et al. (1996). Bulk samples were treated
with 3-% hydrogenic peroxide solution and 10-%
Core (Gear)
Latitude
Water
Recovery
Longitude
Depth
GeoB 2110-4 (SL)
28° 39.0' S
3011 m
8.29m
45° 31.3' W
PS I 768-8 (SL)
52° 35.6' S
3270m
9.03 m
04° 28.5' E
PS1786-1 (SL)
54° 55.4' S
5826m
2.32m
31°43.2'W
PS2082- I (SL)
43° 13.2' S
4610m
13.91 m
II ° 44.3' E
PS2495-3 (SL)
41° 17.2'S
3131 m
9.05 m
14° 30.0' W
PS2498- I (SL)
44° 09.2' S
3783 m
I I.61 m
4° 13.7' W
PS2499-5 (KOL)
46° 30.7' S
3175m
15.53 m
15° 20.0' W
PS2564-3 (KOL)
46° 08.5' S
3035 m
10.92m
35° 53.9' E
acetic acid for disaggregation and removal of organic carbon and carbonate. Grain-size separation
ofthe clay fraction was achieved through Stokes'
law settling procedure in glass tubes. The weight
proportion of clay was related to the sum of sand,
silt, and clay.
XRD measurements were run on preferentially
oriented clay mounts with a Philips PW 1820 device, using CoKa radiation (40 kV, 40 mA). Each
sample was analysed between 2° and 40° 20, with
a step size of 0.02° in the air-dry state and after
ethylene glycol solvation. Additionally, a slow scan
between 28° and 30.5° 20 with steps of 0.005° 20
was performed on the glycolated mounts to obtain
a better resolution of the 3.54/3.58 A kaolinite/
chlorite double peak. Evaluation of the diffractograms was conducted on a Apple Personal Computer using the 'MacDiff' software (Pets chick,
Cruise
Age Model
(Report)
M23/2
Mulitza (I 994),
(Bleil et a!. 1994)
Ruhlemann (unpublished)
ANT-VIII/3
Niebler (1995),
(Gersonde and
Frank et al. (this volume)
Hempel 1990)
Gersonde and Zielinski
(unpublished)
ANT-IX/4
Mackensen et al. (1994),
(Bathmann et al. 1992)
Brathauer (1996)
ANT-XI/2
Mackensen (unpublished)
(Gersonde 1995)
Mackensen (unpublished)
Frank et al. (this volume)
Frank et al. (this volume)
ANT-XI/4
Mackensen (unpublished)
(Kuhn, in preparation)
Table 1. Sediment core locations with references to cruise reports and age models, (SL) gravity corer, (KOL) piston
corer.