254
Mackensen and Bickert
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1990) Atlantic ocean
thermohaline circulation of the last 150,000 years:
relationship to climate and atmospheric CO,.
Paleoceanography 5(3): 277-288
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG, Gordon AL, Shackleton NJ
(1990) Late Pleistocene Southern Ocean olJC variability. Paleoceanography 5: 43-54
Orsi A, Nowlin WD Jr, Whitworth T III (1993) On the
circulation and stratification of the Weddell Gyre.
Deep-SeaRes40(1): 169-203
Pichon J-J, Labeyrie LD, Bareille G, Labracherie M,
Duprat J, Jouzel J (1992) Surface water temperature
changes in the high latitudes of the southern Hemisphere over the last glacial-interglacial cycle.
Paleoceanography 7(3): 289-318
Raymo ME, Ruddiman WF, Shackleton NJ, Oppo DW
(1990) Evolution of Atlantic-Pacific olJC gradients
over the last 2.5 m.y. Earth Planet Sci Lett 97:
353-368
Raymo ME, Oppo DW, Curry W (1997) The midPleistocene climate transition: A deep sea carbon
isotope perspective. Paleoceanography 12(4):
546-559
Reid JL (1989) On the total geostrophic circulation of
the South Atlantic Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers,
and transports. Progr Oceanogr 23: 149-244
Reid JR (1996) On the Circulation ofthe South Atlantic
Ocean. In: Wefer G, Berger WH, Siedler G, Webb OJ
(eds) The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 13-44
Samthein M, Winn K, Duplessy J-C, Fontugne MR
(1988) Global variations of surface ocean productivity in low and mid latitudes: influence on CO, reservoirs of the deep ocean and atmosphere during the
last 21 ,000 years. Paleoceanography 3(3): 361-399.
Sarnthein M, Winn K, Jung SJA, Duplessy J-C, Labeyrie
L, Erlenkeuser H, Ganssen G (1994) Changes in east
Atlantic deepwater circulation over the last
30,000 years: Eight time slice reconstructions.
Paleoceanography 9(2): 209-267
Schmiedl G, Mackensen A, MUller PJ (1997) Recent
benthic foraminifera from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Dependence on food supply and water
masses. Mar MicropaleontoI32(3/4): 249-288
Schnitker D (1974) West Atlantic abyssal circulation
during the past 120,000 years. Nature 248: 385-387
Shackleton NJ (1977) Tropical rainforest history and the
equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In:
Andersen NR, Malahoff A (eds) Fate of Fossil Fuel
CO, in the Oceans. Plenum Press, New York,
pp 40 1-427
Shannon LV, Chapman P (1991) Evidence of Antarctic
Bottom Water in the Angola Basin at 32°S. DeepSea Res 38(10): 1299-1304
Smart CW, Gooday AJ (1997) Recent benthic
foraminifera in the abyssal northeast Atlantic Ocean:
Relation to phytodetrital inputs. J Foram Res 27(2):
85-92
SperoHJ, BijmaJ, LeaDW, Bemis BE (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal
carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390: 497-500.
Stein R (1991) Accumulation of Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments. In: Bhattacharji S, Friedman GM,
Neugebauer HJ, Seilacher A (eds) Lecture Notes in
Earth Sciences, 34. Springer, Berlin Heidel-berg New
York,pp 1-217
Streeter SS, Shackleton NJ (1979) Paleocirculation of the
deep North Atlantic: 150,000 yr record of benthic
foraminifera and oxygen-18. Science 203: 168-171
Thiel H, Pfannkuche 0, Schriever G, Lochte K, Gooday
AJ, Hemleben C, Mantoura RFG, Turley CM, Patching JW, Riemann F (1989) Phytodetritus on the deepsea floor in a central oceanic region in the northeast
Atlantic. Bioi Oceanogr 6: 203-239
Warren BA, Speer KG (1991) Deep circulation in the
eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res I 38:
281-322
Wefer G, Fischer G (1991) Annual primary production
and export flux in the Southern Ocean from sediment
trap data. Mar Chern 35(1-4): 597-613
Woodruff F, Savin S, Douglas RG (1980) Biological
fractionation of oxygen and carbon isotopes by recent benthic foraminifera. Mar Micropaleontol 5:
3-11
Yu E-F, Francois R, Bacon MP (1996) Similar rates of
modem and last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data. Nature 379:
689-694
Zahn R, Winn K, Sarnthein M (1986) Benthic
foraminiferal Ol3C and accumulation rates of organic
carbon: Uvigerina peregrina group and
Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi. Paleoceanography 1(1):
27-42
Zahn R, Pedersen TF, Kaminski MA, Labeyrie L (1994)
Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on
the Ocean's Role in Global Change. Springer, Berlin
HeidelbergNewYork,pp 1-580
Zhang J, Quay PD, Wilbur DO (1995) Carbon isotope
fractionation during gas-water exchange and dissolution of CO 2 , Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59(1):
107-114
Zwally HJ, Parkinson CL, Comisco JC (1983) Variability
of Antarctic sea ice and changes in carbon dioxide.
Science220: 1005-1012
Mackensen and Bickert
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1990) Atlantic ocean
thermohaline circulation of the last 150,000 years:
relationship to climate and atmospheric CO,.
Paleoceanography 5(3): 277-288
Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG, Gordon AL, Shackleton NJ
(1990) Late Pleistocene Southern Ocean olJC variability. Paleoceanography 5: 43-54
Orsi A, Nowlin WD Jr, Whitworth T III (1993) On the
circulation and stratification of the Weddell Gyre.
Deep-SeaRes40(1): 169-203
Pichon J-J, Labeyrie LD, Bareille G, Labracherie M,
Duprat J, Jouzel J (1992) Surface water temperature
changes in the high latitudes of the southern Hemisphere over the last glacial-interglacial cycle.
Paleoceanography 7(3): 289-318
Raymo ME, Ruddiman WF, Shackleton NJ, Oppo DW
(1990) Evolution of Atlantic-Pacific olJC gradients
over the last 2.5 m.y. Earth Planet Sci Lett 97:
353-368
Raymo ME, Oppo DW, Curry W (1997) The midPleistocene climate transition: A deep sea carbon
isotope perspective. Paleoceanography 12(4):
546-559
Reid JL (1989) On the total geostrophic circulation of
the South Atlantic Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers,
and transports. Progr Oceanogr 23: 149-244
Reid JR (1996) On the Circulation ofthe South Atlantic
Ocean. In: Wefer G, Berger WH, Siedler G, Webb OJ
(eds) The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 13-44
Samthein M, Winn K, Duplessy J-C, Fontugne MR
(1988) Global variations of surface ocean productivity in low and mid latitudes: influence on CO, reservoirs of the deep ocean and atmosphere during the
last 21 ,000 years. Paleoceanography 3(3): 361-399.
Sarnthein M, Winn K, Jung SJA, Duplessy J-C, Labeyrie
L, Erlenkeuser H, Ganssen G (1994) Changes in east
Atlantic deepwater circulation over the last
30,000 years: Eight time slice reconstructions.
Paleoceanography 9(2): 209-267
Schmiedl G, Mackensen A, MUller PJ (1997) Recent
benthic foraminifera from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Dependence on food supply and water
masses. Mar MicropaleontoI32(3/4): 249-288
Schnitker D (1974) West Atlantic abyssal circulation
during the past 120,000 years. Nature 248: 385-387
Shackleton NJ (1977) Tropical rainforest history and the
equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In:
Andersen NR, Malahoff A (eds) Fate of Fossil Fuel
CO, in the Oceans. Plenum Press, New York,
pp 40 1-427
Shannon LV, Chapman P (1991) Evidence of Antarctic
Bottom Water in the Angola Basin at 32°S. DeepSea Res 38(10): 1299-1304
Smart CW, Gooday AJ (1997) Recent benthic
foraminifera in the abyssal northeast Atlantic Ocean:
Relation to phytodetrital inputs. J Foram Res 27(2):
85-92
SperoHJ, BijmaJ, LeaDW, Bemis BE (1997) Effect of
seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal
carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390: 497-500.
Stein R (1991) Accumulation of Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments. In: Bhattacharji S, Friedman GM,
Neugebauer HJ, Seilacher A (eds) Lecture Notes in
Earth Sciences, 34. Springer, Berlin Heidel-berg New
York,pp 1-217
Streeter SS, Shackleton NJ (1979) Paleocirculation of the
deep North Atlantic: 150,000 yr record of benthic
foraminifera and oxygen-18. Science 203: 168-171
Thiel H, Pfannkuche 0, Schriever G, Lochte K, Gooday
AJ, Hemleben C, Mantoura RFG, Turley CM, Patching JW, Riemann F (1989) Phytodetritus on the deepsea floor in a central oceanic region in the northeast
Atlantic. Bioi Oceanogr 6: 203-239
Warren BA, Speer KG (1991) Deep circulation in the
eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res I 38:
281-322
Wefer G, Fischer G (1991) Annual primary production
and export flux in the Southern Ocean from sediment
trap data. Mar Chern 35(1-4): 597-613
Woodruff F, Savin S, Douglas RG (1980) Biological
fractionation of oxygen and carbon isotopes by recent benthic foraminifera. Mar Micropaleontol 5:
3-11
Yu E-F, Francois R, Bacon MP (1996) Similar rates of
modem and last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data. Nature 379:
689-694
Zahn R, Winn K, Sarnthein M (1986) Benthic
foraminiferal Ol3C and accumulation rates of organic
carbon: Uvigerina peregrina group and
Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi. Paleoceanography 1(1):
27-42
Zahn R, Pedersen TF, Kaminski MA, Labeyrie L (1994)
Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on
the Ocean's Role in Global Change. Springer, Berlin
HeidelbergNewYork,pp 1-580
Zhang J, Quay PD, Wilbur DO (1995) Carbon isotope
fractionation during gas-water exchange and dissolution of CO 2 , Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59(1):
107-114
Zwally HJ, Parkinson CL, Comisco JC (1983) Variability
of Antarctic sea ice and changes in carbon dioxide.
Science220: 1005-1012