Non-Acoustic
423
Part B | 18.1
18. Non-Acoustic Sensors
David Fries, William Kirkwood
The focus of the chapter is to provide a cross section of progress in the area of non-acoustic sensors
for underwater mobile platforms and to provide
a framework for structuring the subject of oceanographic non-acoustic sensors. State-of-the-art
non-acoustic sensor systems are a summation
of five areas: advanced analytical detectors,
distributed computing, network technology, automation and power systems. The current state
of sensor technology is partitioned and reviewed
using a chemical, biological and physical sensing systems approach. A commentary on future
directions for the three classes of sensor systems is also provided. Sampling technology with
programmable fluidic processing systems capable of sampling with offline or online detectors is
additionally presented to augment real-time nonacoustic sensor technology. The packaging of these
types of sensor is briefly presented. Applications
of ocean engineered AUV-based (AUV: autonomous
underwater vehicles) sensing and sampling systems are also mentioned throughout the chapter
18.1 Non-Acoustic Ocean Sensors:
Sourcing and Classification ................. 423
18.2 Classical Non-Acoustic Ocean Sensors .. 424
18.3 Chemical Sensor Systems .................... 426
18.4 Biological Sensor Systems ................... 429
18.5 Physical Sensor Systems ...................... 432
18.6 AUV-Based Physical Sensors –
Horizons ............................................ 435
18.7 AUV-Chemistry Sensors – Horizons ...... 435
18.8 AUV-Based Biological Sensors –
Horizons ............................................ 436
18.9 Autonomous Sampling Systems –
Extending Real-Time AUV Sensors ....... 436
18.10 Non-Acoustic Sensor Packaging........... 436
18.11 The Essential Need for Sensors ............ 437
References................................................... 437
to highlight the emergence of this class of ocean
technology.
Scientists and engineers concerned with ocean changes
that result from process dynamics work to investigate
and design solutions for measuring the environmental
systems observed. Process dynamic measurements and
spatial-temporal observational abilities of the ocean historically are enhanced by the developmental evolution
of physical, chemical, and biological sensor technologies. Historically, we would argue that field research
activities in the ocean beyond diver depths, with the exception of sample collection, has been dominated by the
research vessel paradigm using acoustics.
Predominantly the acoustic sensors for ocean science came from the development of sonars that have
been focused on acoustic sensing for navigation as
well as communications. Acoustic sensors are a primary instrument in the ocean observations and ongoing
advances are well documented in the acoustic engineering happened rapidly over 50 years and literature.
Fundamental advancements in acoustics continue, albeit incrementally, in comparison to the rapidly advancing methodologies in chemical, biological, and
specialty physical sensing. Consequently, the focus of
this chapter is to provide a cross-section of progress
in this latter class and to provide a framework for
structuring the subject of oceanographic non-acoustic
sensors.
18.1 Non-Acoustic Ocean Sensors: Sourcing and Classification
The key to outlining the state and composition of
non-acoustic ocean sensors is to consider the advancements of sensor technologies from larger sensor
application spaces. Adapting technologies for ocean
423
Part B | 18.1
18. Non-Acoustic Sensors
David Fries, William Kirkwood
The focus of the chapter is to provide a cross section of progress in the area of non-acoustic sensors
for underwater mobile platforms and to provide
a framework for structuring the subject of oceanographic non-acoustic sensors. State-of-the-art
non-acoustic sensor systems are a summation
of five areas: advanced analytical detectors,
distributed computing, network technology, automation and power systems. The current state
of sensor technology is partitioned and reviewed
using a chemical, biological and physical sensing systems approach. A commentary on future
directions for the three classes of sensor systems is also provided. Sampling technology with
programmable fluidic processing systems capable of sampling with offline or online detectors is
additionally presented to augment real-time nonacoustic sensor technology. The packaging of these
types of sensor is briefly presented. Applications
of ocean engineered AUV-based (AUV: autonomous
underwater vehicles) sensing and sampling systems are also mentioned throughout the chapter
18.1 Non-Acoustic Ocean Sensors:
Sourcing and Classification ................. 423
18.2 Classical Non-Acoustic Ocean Sensors .. 424
18.3 Chemical Sensor Systems .................... 426
18.4 Biological Sensor Systems ................... 429
18.5 Physical Sensor Systems ...................... 432
18.6 AUV-Based Physical Sensors –
Horizons ............................................ 435
18.7 AUV-Chemistry Sensors – Horizons ...... 435
18.8 AUV-Based Biological Sensors –
Horizons ............................................ 436
18.9 Autonomous Sampling Systems –
Extending Real-Time AUV Sensors ....... 436
18.10 Non-Acoustic Sensor Packaging........... 436
18.11 The Essential Need for Sensors ............ 437
References................................................... 437
to highlight the emergence of this class of ocean
technology.
Scientists and engineers concerned with ocean changes
that result from process dynamics work to investigate
and design solutions for measuring the environmental
systems observed. Process dynamic measurements and
spatial-temporal observational abilities of the ocean historically are enhanced by the developmental evolution
of physical, chemical, and biological sensor technologies. Historically, we would argue that field research
activities in the ocean beyond diver depths, with the exception of sample collection, has been dominated by the
research vessel paradigm using acoustics.
Predominantly the acoustic sensors for ocean science came from the development of sonars that have
been focused on acoustic sensing for navigation as
well as communications. Acoustic sensors are a primary instrument in the ocean observations and ongoing
advances are well documented in the acoustic engineering happened rapidly over 50 years and literature.
Fundamental advancements in acoustics continue, albeit incrementally, in comparison to the rapidly advancing methodologies in chemical, biological, and
specialty physical sensing. Consequently, the focus of
this chapter is to provide a cross-section of progress
in this latter class and to provide a framework for
structuring the subject of oceanographic non-acoustic
sensors.
18.1 Non-Acoustic Ocean Sensors: Sourcing and Classification
The key to outlining the state and composition of
non-acoustic ocean sensors is to consider the advancements of sensor technologies from larger sensor
application spaces. Adapting technologies for ocean