Introduction
8 Introduction
velopment of ocean energy. Innovative engineering
methods and ocean technologies will be required to
achieve the required solutions.
Marine materials: Lighter, stronger ship hulls, and
ocean structures made of composites that exploit
developments in nanotechnology show promise. At
the same time, protection against corrosion and biofouling using safe, durable coatings and materials
continue to drive new research. These materials and
coatings will reduce duty cycle maintenance of maritime systems. Further, there is renewed interest in
utilizing surface chemistry of nano- or microtextured polymer coatings for skin-friction drag reduction and improved hydrodynamic performance
of ships and submarines; for streamlined vehicles,
such as ships and submarines, skin-friction typically
accounts for over 50% of the total drag so that its
reduction provides a significant boost to the propulsive efficiency of the vehicle and can result in fuel
saving or increased range.
At-sea operations: The necessary science and technology for operating in high seas continues to
present both significant ocean engineering challenges and opportunities for innovation in ship design, cargo transfer, sea-keeping, and hydrodynamic
performance in high sea-states.
Educators are challenged to respond to future trends
and improve ocean-related science and engineering
education, in support of developing an educated engineering workforce with requisite knowledge of the
ocean environment. Ocean engineering will continue to
offer good career opportunities to young people, however challenging.
References
1.1
US Commission on Ocean Policy: An Ocean Blueprint
for the 21st Century. Final Report (COP, Washington
2004)
1.2
J. Bentley: The Thresher Disaster; The Most Tragic
Dive in Submarine History (Doubleday, Garden City
1975)
1.3
G. Schmitt: Global Needs for Knowledge Dissemination, Research, and Development in Materials
Deterioration and Corrosion Control (WCO, New York
2009)
1.4
K.A. Chandler: Marine and Offshore Corrosion (Butterworths, London 1985)
1.5
W. Kuperman, P. Roux: Underwater acoustics. In:
Springer Handbook of Acoustics, ed. by T.D. Rossing (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2007) pp. 149–
201
1.6
W.C. Cummings, P.O. Thompson: Underwater sounds
from the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50(4), 1193–1198 (1971)
1.7
W.J. Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme, D.H. Thomson: Marine Mammals and Noise (Academic Press,
San Diego 1995)
1.8
S. Maus: Ocean, Electromagnetic Effects. In: Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, ed.
by D. Gubbins, E. Herrero-Bervera (Springer, Dordrecht 2007) pp. 740–742
1.9
J.R. Apel: Principles of Ocean Physics (Academic
Press, San Diego 1987)
1.10 T.S. Moore, K.M. Mullaugh, R.R. Holyoke, A.S. Madison, M. Yücel, G.W. Luther: Marine chemical technology and sensors for marine waters: Potentials and
limits, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 91–115 (2009)
1.11 C. Small, R.J. Nicholls: A Global analysis of human
settlement in coastal zones, J. Coast. Res. 19(3), 584–
599 (2003)
1.12 G.P. Tsinker: Port (Harbor) elements: Design principles and considerations. In: Handbook of Port and
Harbor Engineering, ed. by G.P. Tsinker (Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg 1997) pp. 69–241
1.13 N. Haritos: Introduction to the analysis and design of
offshore structures – An overview, Electron. J. Struct.
Eng. 7, 55–65 (2007)
1.14 National Research Council: Oil in the Sea III: Inputs,
Fates, and Effect (National Acad. Press, Washington
2003)
1.15 I.R.E. Agency: Ocean Energy – Technology Readiness,
Patents, Deployment Status and Outlook (IRENA, Paris
2014), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/
Publications/IRENA_Ocean_Energy_report_2014.pdf
1.16 International Energy Agency: Technology Roadmap
for Wind energy https://www.iea.org/publications/
freepublications/publication/Wind_2013_Roadmap.
pdf (2013)
1.17 Ocean Energy Systems: IES-OES Annual Report http://
www.ocean-energy-systems.org/documents/82577_
oes_annual_report_2013.pdf/ (2013)
1.18 NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory): Ocean
energy technology overview, http://www.nrel.gov/
docs/fy09osti/44200.pdf (2009)
1.19 K. McLeod, J. Lubchenco, S. Palumbi, A.A. Rosenberg: Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine
Ecosystem-Based Management (Communication
Partnership for Science and the Sea, Washington
2005)
1.20 A. Howell, C. Drake: Scoping Study on SocioEconomic Impacts of Tidal Energy Development in
Nova Scotia: A Research Synthesis and Priorities for
Future Action, Technical Report #2012-01 (Fundy Energy Research Network, Wolfville 2012)
1.21 M. Portman: Involving the public in the impact assessment of offshore renewable energy facilities,
Mar. Policy 33(2), 332–338 (2009)
1.22 M. Triantafyllou: Science and Technology Challenges
and Potential Game-Changing Opportunities, Trans-
8 Introduction
velopment of ocean energy. Innovative engineering
methods and ocean technologies will be required to
achieve the required solutions.
Marine materials: Lighter, stronger ship hulls, and
ocean structures made of composites that exploit
developments in nanotechnology show promise. At
the same time, protection against corrosion and biofouling using safe, durable coatings and materials
continue to drive new research. These materials and
coatings will reduce duty cycle maintenance of maritime systems. Further, there is renewed interest in
utilizing surface chemistry of nano- or microtextured polymer coatings for skin-friction drag reduction and improved hydrodynamic performance
of ships and submarines; for streamlined vehicles,
such as ships and submarines, skin-friction typically
accounts for over 50% of the total drag so that its
reduction provides a significant boost to the propulsive efficiency of the vehicle and can result in fuel
saving or increased range.
At-sea operations: The necessary science and technology for operating in high seas continues to
present both significant ocean engineering challenges and opportunities for innovation in ship design, cargo transfer, sea-keeping, and hydrodynamic
performance in high sea-states.
Educators are challenged to respond to future trends
and improve ocean-related science and engineering
education, in support of developing an educated engineering workforce with requisite knowledge of the
ocean environment. Ocean engineering will continue to
offer good career opportunities to young people, however challenging.
References
1.1
US Commission on Ocean Policy: An Ocean Blueprint
for the 21st Century. Final Report (COP, Washington
2004)
1.2
J. Bentley: The Thresher Disaster; The Most Tragic
Dive in Submarine History (Doubleday, Garden City
1975)
1.3
G. Schmitt: Global Needs for Knowledge Dissemination, Research, and Development in Materials
Deterioration and Corrosion Control (WCO, New York
2009)
1.4
K.A. Chandler: Marine and Offshore Corrosion (Butterworths, London 1985)
1.5
W. Kuperman, P. Roux: Underwater acoustics. In:
Springer Handbook of Acoustics, ed. by T.D. Rossing (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2007) pp. 149–
201
1.6
W.C. Cummings, P.O. Thompson: Underwater sounds
from the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50(4), 1193–1198 (1971)
1.7
W.J. Richardson, C.R. Greene, C.I. Malme, D.H. Thomson: Marine Mammals and Noise (Academic Press,
San Diego 1995)
1.8
S. Maus: Ocean, Electromagnetic Effects. In: Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, ed.
by D. Gubbins, E. Herrero-Bervera (Springer, Dordrecht 2007) pp. 740–742
1.9
J.R. Apel: Principles of Ocean Physics (Academic
Press, San Diego 1987)
1.10 T.S. Moore, K.M. Mullaugh, R.R. Holyoke, A.S. Madison, M. Yücel, G.W. Luther: Marine chemical technology and sensors for marine waters: Potentials and
limits, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 91–115 (2009)
1.11 C. Small, R.J. Nicholls: A Global analysis of human
settlement in coastal zones, J. Coast. Res. 19(3), 584–
599 (2003)
1.12 G.P. Tsinker: Port (Harbor) elements: Design principles and considerations. In: Handbook of Port and
Harbor Engineering, ed. by G.P. Tsinker (Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg 1997) pp. 69–241
1.13 N. Haritos: Introduction to the analysis and design of
offshore structures – An overview, Electron. J. Struct.
Eng. 7, 55–65 (2007)
1.14 National Research Council: Oil in the Sea III: Inputs,
Fates, and Effect (National Acad. Press, Washington
2003)
1.15 I.R.E. Agency: Ocean Energy – Technology Readiness,
Patents, Deployment Status and Outlook (IRENA, Paris
2014), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/
Publications/IRENA_Ocean_Energy_report_2014.pdf
1.16 International Energy Agency: Technology Roadmap
for Wind energy https://www.iea.org/publications/
freepublications/publication/Wind_2013_Roadmap.
pdf (2013)
1.17 Ocean Energy Systems: IES-OES Annual Report http://
www.ocean-energy-systems.org/documents/82577_
oes_annual_report_2013.pdf/ (2013)
1.18 NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory): Ocean
energy technology overview, http://www.nrel.gov/
docs/fy09osti/44200.pdf (2009)
1.19 K. McLeod, J. Lubchenco, S. Palumbi, A.A. Rosenberg: Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine
Ecosystem-Based Management (Communication
Partnership for Science and the Sea, Washington
2005)
1.20 A. Howell, C. Drake: Scoping Study on SocioEconomic Impacts of Tidal Energy Development in
Nova Scotia: A Research Synthesis and Priorities for
Future Action, Technical Report #2012-01 (Fundy Energy Research Network, Wolfville 2012)
1.21 M. Portman: Involving the public in the impact assessment of offshore renewable energy facilities,
Mar. Policy 33(2), 332–338 (2009)
1.22 M. Triantafyllou: Science and Technology Challenges
and Potential Game-Changing Opportunities, Trans-