Ocean Electromagnetics References 195
Part A | 8
water can also be used for the ocean. The only difference is that they must be squared before applying them
to irradiance, which is power. The power reflection coefficients for perpendicular R ? and parallel polarization
R k can be obtained from (8.59) and (8.71), giving
R ? D
2
? D
tan
2
. i  t /
tan 2 . i C  t /
;
(8.138)
R k D
2
k D
sin
2
. i  t /
sin
2
. i C  t /
;
(8.139)
and
 r D  i ;
(8.140a)
sin  i D n sin  t :
(8.140b)
where all terms have been defined previously. The
Brewster angle can be computed directly from
tan  B D n. These equations are valid for a smooth surface. A discussion of optical scattering from a rough
ocean surface produced by wind waves can be found
in [8.1, p. 528].
The maximum refraction angle of light into the
ocean is limited. If the incidence angle of light entering
the flat surface of the sea approaches the grazing angle
(Â i D 90
ı ), then from (8.140b) the transmission angle
of the refracted light is computed to be approximately
48:6
ı . This means that all images from the entire hemisphere above water is funneled into an upward looking
cone whose sides are 48:6
ı from the vertical. Any image that is seen at an angle greater than this could only
be coming from a submerged object.
References
8.1
J.R. Apel: Principles of Ocean Physics (Academic
Press, San Diego 1987)
8.2
C.A. Balanis: Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, 2nd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken 2012)
8.3
C.A. Balanis: Antenna Theory, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken 2005) pp. 133–142
8.4
J. Mosig: The weighted averages algorithm revisited,
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60(4), 2011–2018 (2012)
8.5
J.R. Wait: Electromagnetic Fields of Sources in Lossy
Media. In: Antenna Theory, ed. by R.E. Collin,
F.J. Zucker (McGraw-Hill, New York 1969) pp. 476–478
8.6
A.C. Fraser-Smith, D.M. Bubenik: ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields generated above a sea of finite
depth by a submerged vertically-directed harmonic
magnetic dipole, Radio Sci. 14, 59–74 (1979)
8.7
D.M. Bubenik, A.C. Fraser-Smith: ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields generated in a sea of finite depth by
a submerged vertically-directed harmonic magnetic
dipole, Radio Sci. 13, 1011–1020 (1978)
8.8
J.R. Wait: Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media
(IEEE Press, Piscataway 1996) pp. 143–146
8.9
C. Liu, L.G. Zheng, Y.P. Li: Study of ELF electromagnetic fields from a submerged horizontal electric
dipole positioned in a sea of finite depth, IEEE 3rd
Int. Symp. Microw. Antenna Propag. EMC Technol.
Wirel. Commun. (2009) pp. 152–157
8.10 A.C. Fraser-Smith, D.M. Bubenik: Compendium of the
ULF/ELF Electromagnetic Fields Generated Above a
Sea of Finite Depth by Submerged Harmonic Dipoles,
Tech. Rep., Vol. E715-1 (Stanford Univ., Stanford 1980)
8.11 A.C. Fraser-Smith, D.M. Bubenik: ULF/ELF/VLF Electromagnetic Fields Generated in a Sea of Finite Depth
by Elevated Dipole Sources, Tech. Rep., Vol. E715-2
(Stanford Univ., Stanford 1984)
8.12 D.L. Jones, C.P. Burke: The DC field components of
horizontal and vertical electric dipole sources immersed in three-layer stratified media, Ann. Geophys. 15, 503–510 (1997)
8.13 M.B. Kraichman: Electromagnetic propagation in
conducting media. In: Electromagnetics Problem
Solver, ed. by M. Fogiel (REA, Piscataway 2000) pp. 3–
24, Section II
8.14 P.R. Bannister, R.L. Dube: Simple expressions
for horizontal electric dipole quasi-static range
subsurface-to-subsurface and subsurface-to-air
propagation, Radio Sci. 13(3), 501–507 (1978)
8.15 W.C. Cox: A 1 Mbps Underwater Communication System Using a 405 nm Laser Diode and Photomultiplier Tube, Master Thesis (North Carolina State Univ.,
Raleigh 2007)
8.16 R.C. Smith, K.S. Baker: Optical properties of the clearest natural waters (200–800 nm), Appl. Opt. 20(2),
177–184 (1971)
8.17 R.W. Austin, T.J. Petzold: Spectral dependence of the
diffuse attenuation coefficient of light in ocean waters, Opt. Engr. 25, 471 (1986)
8.18 C.J. Cassidy: Airborne Laser Mine Detection System,
Master Thesis (Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey
1995)
Part A | 8
water can also be used for the ocean. The only difference is that they must be squared before applying them
to irradiance, which is power. The power reflection coefficients for perpendicular R ? and parallel polarization
R k can be obtained from (8.59) and (8.71), giving
R ? D
2
? D
tan
2
. i  t /
tan 2 . i C  t /
;
(8.138)
R k D
2
k D
sin
2
. i  t /
sin
2
. i C  t /
;
(8.139)
and
 r D  i ;
(8.140a)
sin  i D n sin  t :
(8.140b)
where all terms have been defined previously. The
Brewster angle can be computed directly from
tan  B D n. These equations are valid for a smooth surface. A discussion of optical scattering from a rough
ocean surface produced by wind waves can be found
in [8.1, p. 528].
The maximum refraction angle of light into the
ocean is limited. If the incidence angle of light entering
the flat surface of the sea approaches the grazing angle
(Â i D 90
ı ), then from (8.140b) the transmission angle
of the refracted light is computed to be approximately
48:6
ı . This means that all images from the entire hemisphere above water is funneled into an upward looking
cone whose sides are 48:6
ı from the vertical. Any image that is seen at an angle greater than this could only
be coming from a submerged object.
References
8.1
J.R. Apel: Principles of Ocean Physics (Academic
Press, San Diego 1987)
8.2
C.A. Balanis: Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, 2nd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken 2012)
8.3
C.A. Balanis: Antenna Theory, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken 2005) pp. 133–142
8.4
J. Mosig: The weighted averages algorithm revisited,
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60(4), 2011–2018 (2012)
8.5
J.R. Wait: Electromagnetic Fields of Sources in Lossy
Media. In: Antenna Theory, ed. by R.E. Collin,
F.J. Zucker (McGraw-Hill, New York 1969) pp. 476–478
8.6
A.C. Fraser-Smith, D.M. Bubenik: ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields generated above a sea of finite
depth by a submerged vertically-directed harmonic
magnetic dipole, Radio Sci. 14, 59–74 (1979)
8.7
D.M. Bubenik, A.C. Fraser-Smith: ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields generated in a sea of finite depth by
a submerged vertically-directed harmonic magnetic
dipole, Radio Sci. 13, 1011–1020 (1978)
8.8
J.R. Wait: Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media
(IEEE Press, Piscataway 1996) pp. 143–146
8.9
C. Liu, L.G. Zheng, Y.P. Li: Study of ELF electromagnetic fields from a submerged horizontal electric
dipole positioned in a sea of finite depth, IEEE 3rd
Int. Symp. Microw. Antenna Propag. EMC Technol.
Wirel. Commun. (2009) pp. 152–157
8.10 A.C. Fraser-Smith, D.M. Bubenik: Compendium of the
ULF/ELF Electromagnetic Fields Generated Above a
Sea of Finite Depth by Submerged Harmonic Dipoles,
Tech. Rep., Vol. E715-1 (Stanford Univ., Stanford 1980)
8.11 A.C. Fraser-Smith, D.M. Bubenik: ULF/ELF/VLF Electromagnetic Fields Generated in a Sea of Finite Depth
by Elevated Dipole Sources, Tech. Rep., Vol. E715-2
(Stanford Univ., Stanford 1984)
8.12 D.L. Jones, C.P. Burke: The DC field components of
horizontal and vertical electric dipole sources immersed in three-layer stratified media, Ann. Geophys. 15, 503–510 (1997)
8.13 M.B. Kraichman: Electromagnetic propagation in
conducting media. In: Electromagnetics Problem
Solver, ed. by M. Fogiel (REA, Piscataway 2000) pp. 3–
24, Section II
8.14 P.R. Bannister, R.L. Dube: Simple expressions
for horizontal electric dipole quasi-static range
subsurface-to-subsurface and subsurface-to-air
propagation, Radio Sci. 13(3), 501–507 (1978)
8.15 W.C. Cox: A 1 Mbps Underwater Communication System Using a 405 nm Laser Diode and Photomultiplier Tube, Master Thesis (North Carolina State Univ.,
Raleigh 2007)
8.16 R.C. Smith, K.S. Baker: Optical properties of the clearest natural waters (200–800 nm), Appl. Opt. 20(2),
177–184 (1971)
8.17 R.W. Austin, T.J. Petzold: Spectral dependence of the
diffuse attenuation coefficient of light in ocean waters, Opt. Engr. 25, 471 (1986)
8.18 C.J. Cassidy: Airborne Laser Mine Detection System,
Master Thesis (Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey
1995)