Physical Properties of Seawater References 109
Part A | 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
a) I z /I 0
Depth (m)
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Open Ocean water
200
300
Ultraviolet
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Infrared
400
500
600
700
250
350
450
550
650
750 800
b) Depth for 99 % Attentuation (m)
Wavelength (nm)
0
–50
–100
–150
–200
–250
–300
Coastal water
Fig. 5.10 (a) Depth versus light attenuation ratio I z =I 0 for typical open ocean and coastal waters. (b) The open ocean 99%
attenuation depths of various electromagnetic radiation wavelengths in which visible light color is indicated
References
5.1
P.M. Sanders, N.P. Fofonoff: Conversion of pressure to
depth in the ocean, Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109–111 (1976)
5.2
G.L. Pickard: Descriptive Physical Oceanography
(Pergamon, Oxford 1975)
5.3
K.W. Mackenzie: A decade of experience with velocimeters, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 50, 1321–1333 (1971)
5.4
L.D. Talley, G.L. Pickard, W.J. Emery, J.H. Swift: Descriptive Physical Oceanography – An Introduction,
6th edn. (Academic, London 2011)
5.5
UNESCO: 10th Report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards, Technical Papers in
Marine Science, No. 36 (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Oranisation, Paris, 1981)
5.6
J.A. Knauss: Introduction to Physical Oceanography,
2nd edn. (Waveland, Long Grove 2005)
5.7
F.J. Millero, G. Perron, J.F. Desnoyers: Heat capacity
of seawater solutions from 5° to 35°C and 0.05 to
22 ‰ chlorinity, J. Geophys. Res. 78(21), 4499–4506
(1973)
5.8
UNESCO, Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, Technical Papers
in Marine Science, No. 44 (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Oranisation, Paris,
1983)
5.9
F.J. Millero, W.H. Leung: The thermodynamics of seawater at one atmosphere, Am. J. Sci. 276, 1035–1077
(1976)
5.10 C.T. Chen, F.J. Millero: Speed of sound in seawater at
high pressures, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 62(5), 1129–1135
(1977)
Part A | 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
a) I z /I 0
Depth (m)
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Open Ocean water
200
300
Ultraviolet
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Infrared
400
500
600
700
250
350
450
550
650
750 800
b) Depth for 99 % Attentuation (m)
Wavelength (nm)
0
–50
–100
–150
–200
–250
–300
Coastal water
Fig. 5.10 (a) Depth versus light attenuation ratio I z =I 0 for typical open ocean and coastal waters. (b) The open ocean 99%
attenuation depths of various electromagnetic radiation wavelengths in which visible light color is indicated
References
5.1
P.M. Sanders, N.P. Fofonoff: Conversion of pressure to
depth in the ocean, Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109–111 (1976)
5.2
G.L. Pickard: Descriptive Physical Oceanography
(Pergamon, Oxford 1975)
5.3
K.W. Mackenzie: A decade of experience with velocimeters, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 50, 1321–1333 (1971)
5.4
L.D. Talley, G.L. Pickard, W.J. Emery, J.H. Swift: Descriptive Physical Oceanography – An Introduction,
6th edn. (Academic, London 2011)
5.5
UNESCO: 10th Report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards, Technical Papers in
Marine Science, No. 36 (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Oranisation, Paris, 1981)
5.6
J.A. Knauss: Introduction to Physical Oceanography,
2nd edn. (Waveland, Long Grove 2005)
5.7
F.J. Millero, G. Perron, J.F. Desnoyers: Heat capacity
of seawater solutions from 5° to 35°C and 0.05 to
22 ‰ chlorinity, J. Geophys. Res. 78(21), 4499–4506
(1973)
5.8
UNESCO, Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, Technical Papers
in Marine Science, No. 44 (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Oranisation, Paris,
1983)
5.9
F.J. Millero, W.H. Leung: The thermodynamics of seawater at one atmosphere, Am. J. Sci. 276, 1035–1077
(1976)
5.10 C.T. Chen, F.J. Millero: Speed of sound in seawater at
high pressures, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 62(5), 1129–1135
(1977)