122
Empirical models are also used for operational implementation to address HAB
occurrence. The California-Harmful Algal Risk Mapping Model (C-HARM), for
example, uses the ROMS hydrodynamic model in conjunction with satellite ocean
color data and a statistical model to determine the likelihood for occurrence of
blooms of Pseudonitzschia (a diatom common to coastal California waters) that
produces domoic acid, a neurotoxin that causes shellfish poisoning.
References
Anselmi C, Canals M, Morell J, Gonzalez J, Capella J, Mercado A. Development of an operational
nearshore wave forecast system for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. J Coast Res.
2012;28(5):1049–56.
Barrick D, Fernandez V, Ferrer MI, Whelan C, Breivik Ø. A short-term predictive system for surface currents from a rapidly deployed coastal HF radar network. Ocean Dyn. 2012;62:725–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0521-0.
Beegle-Krause CJ. General NOAA oil modeling environment (GNOME): a new spill trajectory
model. IOSC 2001 proceedings, Tampa, FL, March 26–29, 2001, vol. 2. St Louis: Mira Digital
Publishing, Inc.;2001. pp. 865–71.
Benitez J, Mercado A. Storm surge modeling in Puerto Rico in support of emergency response,
risk assessment, coastal planning and climate change analysis. 2015. http://coastalhazards.
uprm.edu/downloads/Storm%20Surge%20Modeling%20in%20Puerto%20Rico%20in%20
Support%20of%20Emergency%20Response-V10.pdf. Accessed 1/19/2018.
Blumberg AF, Georgas N, Yin L, Herrington TO, Orton PM. Street-scale modeling of storm
surge inundation along the New Jersey, Hudson River Waterfront. J Atmos Ocean Technol.
2015;32:1486–97.
Booij N, Ris RC, Holthuijsen LH. A third-generation wave model for coastal regions 1. Model
description and validation. J Geophys Res. 1999;104(C4):7649–66.
Chen C, Liu H, Beardsley RC. An unstructured, finite volume, three-dimensional, primitive
equation ocean model: application to coastal ocean and estuaries. J Atmos Ocean Technol.
2003;20:159–86.
Chen C, Beardsley RC, Cowles G. An unstructured grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model
(FVCOM) system. Oceanography. 2006;19(1):78–89. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.92.
Chen C, Huang H, Beardsley RC, Liu H, Xu Q, Cowles G. A finite volume numerical approach for
coastal ocean circulation studies: Comparisons with finite difference models. J Geophys Res.
2007;112:C03018. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003485.
Chen C, Beardsley RC, Luettich RA, Westerink JJ, Wang H, Perrie W, Toulany B. Extratropical
storm inundation testbed: Intermodel comparisons in Scituate, Massachusetts J Geophys Res
Oceans. 2013;118(10):5054–5073, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20397.
Edwards CA, Moore AM, Hoteit I, Cornuelle BD. Regional ocean data assimilation. Ann Rev
Mar Sci. 2015;7:21–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015821. Epub 2014
Aug 6.
Falter JL, Lowe RJ, Zhang Z, McCulloch M. Physical and biological controls on the carbonate
chemistry of coral reef waters: effects of metabolism, wave forcing, sea level, and geomorphology. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053303.
Gledhill DK, Wanninkhof R, Millero FJ, Eakin M. Ocean acidification of the greater Caribbean
region 1996–2006. J Geophys Res. 2007;113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004629. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004629.
Griffies S, Treguier AM. Ocean circulation models and modeling. In: Fundamentals of ocean
climate modelling at global and regional scales. Trieste: International Centre for Theoretical
Physics; 2013. p. 2512–5. p. 57. http://indico.ictp.it/event/a12235/material/0/4.pdf.
6 Numerical Models for Operational Ocean Observing
Empirical models are also used for operational implementation to address HAB
occurrence. The California-Harmful Algal Risk Mapping Model (C-HARM), for
example, uses the ROMS hydrodynamic model in conjunction with satellite ocean
color data and a statistical model to determine the likelihood for occurrence of
blooms of Pseudonitzschia (a diatom common to coastal California waters) that
produces domoic acid, a neurotoxin that causes shellfish poisoning.
References
Anselmi C, Canals M, Morell J, Gonzalez J, Capella J, Mercado A. Development of an operational
nearshore wave forecast system for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. J Coast Res.
2012;28(5):1049–56.
Barrick D, Fernandez V, Ferrer MI, Whelan C, Breivik Ø. A short-term predictive system for surface currents from a rapidly deployed coastal HF radar network. Ocean Dyn. 2012;62:725–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0521-0.
Beegle-Krause CJ. General NOAA oil modeling environment (GNOME): a new spill trajectory
model. IOSC 2001 proceedings, Tampa, FL, March 26–29, 2001, vol. 2. St Louis: Mira Digital
Publishing, Inc.;2001. pp. 865–71.
Benitez J, Mercado A. Storm surge modeling in Puerto Rico in support of emergency response,
risk assessment, coastal planning and climate change analysis. 2015. http://coastalhazards.
uprm.edu/downloads/Storm%20Surge%20Modeling%20in%20Puerto%20Rico%20in%20
Support%20of%20Emergency%20Response-V10.pdf. Accessed 1/19/2018.
Blumberg AF, Georgas N, Yin L, Herrington TO, Orton PM. Street-scale modeling of storm
surge inundation along the New Jersey, Hudson River Waterfront. J Atmos Ocean Technol.
2015;32:1486–97.
Booij N, Ris RC, Holthuijsen LH. A third-generation wave model for coastal regions 1. Model
description and validation. J Geophys Res. 1999;104(C4):7649–66.
Chen C, Liu H, Beardsley RC. An unstructured, finite volume, three-dimensional, primitive
equation ocean model: application to coastal ocean and estuaries. J Atmos Ocean Technol.
2003;20:159–86.
Chen C, Beardsley RC, Cowles G. An unstructured grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model
(FVCOM) system. Oceanography. 2006;19(1):78–89. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.92.
Chen C, Huang H, Beardsley RC, Liu H, Xu Q, Cowles G. A finite volume numerical approach for
coastal ocean circulation studies: Comparisons with finite difference models. J Geophys Res.
2007;112:C03018. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003485.
Chen C, Beardsley RC, Luettich RA, Westerink JJ, Wang H, Perrie W, Toulany B. Extratropical
storm inundation testbed: Intermodel comparisons in Scituate, Massachusetts J Geophys Res
Oceans. 2013;118(10):5054–5073, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20397.
Edwards CA, Moore AM, Hoteit I, Cornuelle BD. Regional ocean data assimilation. Ann Rev
Mar Sci. 2015;7:21–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015821. Epub 2014
Aug 6.
Falter JL, Lowe RJ, Zhang Z, McCulloch M. Physical and biological controls on the carbonate
chemistry of coral reef waters: effects of metabolism, wave forcing, sea level, and geomorphology. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053303.
Gledhill DK, Wanninkhof R, Millero FJ, Eakin M. Ocean acidification of the greater Caribbean
region 1996–2006. J Geophys Res. 2007;113. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004629. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004629.
Griffies S, Treguier AM. Ocean circulation models and modeling. In: Fundamentals of ocean
climate modelling at global and regional scales. Trieste: International Centre for Theoretical
Physics; 2013. p. 2512–5. p. 57. http://indico.ictp.it/event/a12235/material/0/4.pdf.
6 Numerical Models for Operational Ocean Observing