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ocean acidification have driven the development of fully coupled hydrodynamic/
chemical models that allow examination of the effects on carbonate chemistry of
wave forcing, sea level, geomorphology, rates of benthic metabolism and air-sea gas
exchange. These models make use of empirical piston velocity formulations (estimates of the effective gas transfer rate) parameterized to wind velocity. The coral
reef model proposed by Falter et al. (2013) is a one-dimensional example.
A more empirical approach is taken in the operational model implemented by
NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch Program (Gledhill et al. 2007) based on satellite and
shipboard observations of SST and SSS to arrive at estimates of A T and a first-order
exponential parameterization of ΔpCO 2 to CO 2 solubility. These parameterizations
allow solution of the inorganic carbon equations via CO2SYS. Surface maps of
derived variables such as aragonite saturation index for the Caribbean region may
be constructed and viewed through the use of ERDAP at http://cwcgom.aoml.noaa.
gov/erddap/griddap/miamiacidification.graph (accessed 8/17/2017).
NOAA’s GNOME oil spill model is complemented by a stand-alone oil weathering model, the Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS). ADIOS makes use
of a database of the physicochemical characteristics of more than 1000 oil types to
estimate temporal losses due to emulsification, evaporation, dispersion, and dissolution, and changes in physical properties such as density and viscosity to compute
emulsion mass and spreading rates of the surface slicks.
6.6 Biological Models for Coastal Ocean Observing
Biological models seek to mathematically depict key processes in the biological
food web. Deterministic models incorporate numerical formulations for physiological and trophodynamic variables. Photosynthetic rate is parameterized to light availability and temperature, while phyto- and bacterio-plankton nutrient uptake kinetics
is parameterized to nutrient concentration through the Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic
expression. Here, phytoplankton nutrient uptake rate varies linearly with concentration in the lower concentration range but conforms to a saturation asymptote at
higher concentrations. Trophodynamic variables such as zooplankton grazing rates
include similar saturation schemes and extend to higher trophic levels incorporating
additional formulations for predator-prey interactions.
Applied biological models for coastal ocean observing have centered on the
problem of harmful algal blooms (HAB) during which certain diatoms and dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins such as domoic acid or saxitoxin causing the phenomenon known as paralytic shellfish poisoning. These blooms cause severe economic
disruption and public health concern. An experimental model for blooms of the
dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense along the northeastern coast of the USA (He
et al. 2008) incorporates coupled hydrodynamic (ROMS/ADCIRC) and population
models are initiated with data from cyst surveys delivering surface maps of projected cell concentrations (https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/hab/gomforecast.aspx).
6.6 Biological Models for Coastal Ocean Observing
ocean acidification have driven the development of fully coupled hydrodynamic/
chemical models that allow examination of the effects on carbonate chemistry of
wave forcing, sea level, geomorphology, rates of benthic metabolism and air-sea gas
exchange. These models make use of empirical piston velocity formulations (estimates of the effective gas transfer rate) parameterized to wind velocity. The coral
reef model proposed by Falter et al. (2013) is a one-dimensional example.
A more empirical approach is taken in the operational model implemented by
NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch Program (Gledhill et al. 2007) based on satellite and
shipboard observations of SST and SSS to arrive at estimates of A T and a first-order
exponential parameterization of ΔpCO 2 to CO 2 solubility. These parameterizations
allow solution of the inorganic carbon equations via CO2SYS. Surface maps of
derived variables such as aragonite saturation index for the Caribbean region may
be constructed and viewed through the use of ERDAP at http://cwcgom.aoml.noaa.
gov/erddap/griddap/miamiacidification.graph (accessed 8/17/2017).
NOAA’s GNOME oil spill model is complemented by a stand-alone oil weathering model, the Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS). ADIOS makes use
of a database of the physicochemical characteristics of more than 1000 oil types to
estimate temporal losses due to emulsification, evaporation, dispersion, and dissolution, and changes in physical properties such as density and viscosity to compute
emulsion mass and spreading rates of the surface slicks.
6.6 Biological Models for Coastal Ocean Observing
Biological models seek to mathematically depict key processes in the biological
food web. Deterministic models incorporate numerical formulations for physiological and trophodynamic variables. Photosynthetic rate is parameterized to light availability and temperature, while phyto- and bacterio-plankton nutrient uptake kinetics
is parameterized to nutrient concentration through the Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic
expression. Here, phytoplankton nutrient uptake rate varies linearly with concentration in the lower concentration range but conforms to a saturation asymptote at
higher concentrations. Trophodynamic variables such as zooplankton grazing rates
include similar saturation schemes and extend to higher trophic levels incorporating
additional formulations for predator-prey interactions.
Applied biological models for coastal ocean observing have centered on the
problem of harmful algal blooms (HAB) during which certain diatoms and dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins such as domoic acid or saxitoxin causing the phenomenon known as paralytic shellfish poisoning. These blooms cause severe economic
disruption and public health concern. An experimental model for blooms of the
dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense along the northeastern coast of the USA (He
et al. 2008) incorporates coupled hydrodynamic (ROMS/ADCIRC) and population
models are initiated with data from cyst surveys delivering surface maps of projected cell concentrations (https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/hab/gomforecast.aspx).
6.6 Biological Models for Coastal Ocean Observing