Long Term Ecological Research (LTER), 122
Low Countries, 62
Lowlands, 30, 33, 36, 38, 39, 53, 62, 63, 68, 71, 89,
92, 138
LTAR. See Long-Term Agro-Ecosystem
Research (LTAR)
LTER. See Long Term Ecological Research (LTER)
M
Macroclimate, 5–6, 12, 27–33, 35, 105, 123, 134, 137,
138, 158
Macroclimatic zone, 6, 27–33
Macroscale ecosystem, 1
Magma, 89
Mallee, 67
Management practices, 1, 132
Manchuria, 59, 60, 63, 65
Mangrove, 86
Mantle convection, 33
Maquis, 67
Marine division, 37, 42, 61–63
Marine west coast climate, 61
Maritime air masses, 21
Maritime polar air masses, 61
Maritime tropical air masses, 57, 83
Massenerhebung effect, 100
Mass wasting, 62, 89
Mauritius hurricane, 23
McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, 29
Mediterranean brown earth, 41
Mediterranean climate, 67, 70, 120
Mediterranean division, 37, 41, 42, 66–68
Mediterranean Sea, 66, 68
Merriam, C. Hart, 148
Mesoscale ecosystem, 105
Mesquite, 73, 143
Meteorite, 96
Mexico, 69, 70, 72, 73, 83, 151
Microscale ecosystem, 105
Midlatitude steppe, 35
Migratory agriculture, 83
Milankovitch cycle, 97, 98, 102
Mississippi River, 115
Mississippi Valley, 69
Missouri, 115, 116
Mixed deciduous–coniferous forest, 41, 58
Mojave Desert, 36, 75
Mojave-Sonoran Desert, 73, 123
Mollisols, 41, 64, 71, 76, 156
Mongolia, 75, 79
Monsoon forest, 83, 156
Monsoon winds, 21, 22, 60
Montane, 89–91, 102
Montane zone, 31, 90
Monte, 83
Moraine, 62
Moskva, Russia, 57
Mountains, 1, 5, 30, 31, 33–36, 38, 39, 43, 49, 60–62, 63,
68, 70, 72–74, 76–79, 84, 89–94, 96, 100–102,
116, 118, 120, 131, 134, 138, 144, 147, 148, 150
Mount McKinley, Alaska, 92
Mt. Baker National Forest, 62
Mulga scrub, 72
Muskeg, 54, 108
N
Namib Desert, 72
National Ecological Observatory Network
(NEON), 122
National Forest System, 130
National Wilderness Preservation System, 121
National Wildlife Federation, 121
Natural region, 4, 14, 148
NDVI. See Normalized Differences Vegetation
Index (NDVI)
Needleleaf forest, 49, 52, 61, 62
NEON. See National Ecological Observatory
Network (NEON)
Nevada, 74, 90, 93, 100, 132
New Haven, Connecticut, 59
New Orleans, Louisiana, 59
New York, 59
New Zealand, 24, 60–63, 76
Nicaragua, 89
Niger, 106
Nomadic herding, 71
Non-native species, 93, 127, 135
Non-point source pollution, 156
Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI),
100, 156
North America, 20, 34, 36, 50, 57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 73, 77,
95, 112,128, 129, 142, 151
North American Corn Belt, 66
North Atlantic drift, 17
North Atlantic Ocean, 19, 20, 23
North Dakota, 78
Northern Hemisphere, 10, 17, 51, 53, 56, 57, 97
North Korea, 120
North Pacific, 19
North Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act, 113
Norway, 17, 53, 61
Norwegian Lapland, 62
Norwegian Sea, 18
Numerical taxonomy, 152
O
Oasis, 72, 73, 79
Ocean current, 10, 12, 13, 72, 96
Ocean hydrology, 9–12, 138
Oceanic whirl, 10, 156
Ocotillo, 73, 143
Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela, 84
Orobiome, 150
Orographically modified macroclimates, 33, 35
Index
177
Low Countries, 62
Lowlands, 30, 33, 36, 38, 39, 53, 62, 63, 68, 71, 89,
92, 138
LTAR. See Long-Term Agro-Ecosystem
Research (LTAR)
LTER. See Long Term Ecological Research (LTER)
M
Macroclimate, 5–6, 12, 27–33, 35, 105, 123, 134, 137,
138, 158
Macroclimatic zone, 6, 27–33
Macroscale ecosystem, 1
Magma, 89
Mallee, 67
Management practices, 1, 132
Manchuria, 59, 60, 63, 65
Mangrove, 86
Mantle convection, 33
Maquis, 67
Marine division, 37, 42, 61–63
Marine west coast climate, 61
Maritime air masses, 21
Maritime polar air masses, 61
Maritime tropical air masses, 57, 83
Massenerhebung effect, 100
Mass wasting, 62, 89
Mauritius hurricane, 23
McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, 29
Mediterranean brown earth, 41
Mediterranean climate, 67, 70, 120
Mediterranean division, 37, 41, 42, 66–68
Mediterranean Sea, 66, 68
Merriam, C. Hart, 148
Mesoscale ecosystem, 105
Mesquite, 73, 143
Meteorite, 96
Mexico, 69, 70, 72, 73, 83, 151
Microscale ecosystem, 105
Midlatitude steppe, 35
Migratory agriculture, 83
Milankovitch cycle, 97, 98, 102
Mississippi River, 115
Mississippi Valley, 69
Missouri, 115, 116
Mixed deciduous–coniferous forest, 41, 58
Mojave Desert, 36, 75
Mojave-Sonoran Desert, 73, 123
Mollisols, 41, 64, 71, 76, 156
Mongolia, 75, 79
Monsoon forest, 83, 156
Monsoon winds, 21, 22, 60
Montane, 89–91, 102
Montane zone, 31, 90
Monte, 83
Moraine, 62
Moskva, Russia, 57
Mountains, 1, 5, 30, 31, 33–36, 38, 39, 43, 49, 60–62, 63,
68, 70, 72–74, 76–79, 84, 89–94, 96, 100–102,
116, 118, 120, 131, 134, 138, 144, 147, 148, 150
Mount McKinley, Alaska, 92
Mt. Baker National Forest, 62
Mulga scrub, 72
Muskeg, 54, 108
N
Namib Desert, 72
National Ecological Observatory Network
(NEON), 122
National Forest System, 130
National Wilderness Preservation System, 121
National Wildlife Federation, 121
Natural region, 4, 14, 148
NDVI. See Normalized Differences Vegetation
Index (NDVI)
Needleleaf forest, 49, 52, 61, 62
NEON. See National Ecological Observatory
Network (NEON)
Nevada, 74, 90, 93, 100, 132
New Haven, Connecticut, 59
New Orleans, Louisiana, 59
New York, 59
New Zealand, 24, 60–63, 76
Nicaragua, 89
Niger, 106
Nomadic herding, 71
Non-native species, 93, 127, 135
Non-point source pollution, 156
Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI),
100, 156
North America, 20, 34, 36, 50, 57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 73, 77,
95, 112,128, 129, 142, 151
North American Corn Belt, 66
North Atlantic drift, 17
North Atlantic Ocean, 19, 20, 23
North Dakota, 78
Northern Hemisphere, 10, 17, 51, 53, 56, 57, 97
North Korea, 120
North Pacific, 19
North Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act, 113
Norway, 17, 53, 61
Norwegian Lapland, 62
Norwegian Sea, 18
Numerical taxonomy, 152
O
Oasis, 72, 73, 79
Ocean current, 10, 12, 13, 72, 96
Ocean hydrology, 9–12, 138
Oceanic whirl, 10, 156
Ocotillo, 73, 143
Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela, 84
Orobiome, 150
Orographically modified macroclimates, 33, 35
Index
177