Lugo AE, Brown SL, Dodson R et al (1999) The
Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United
States in relation to ecosystem mapping. J Biogeogr
26:1025–1038
Mackey BG, Berry SL, Brown T (2008) Reconciling
approaches to biogeographic regionalization: a systematic and generic framework examined with a case
study of the Australian continent. J Biogeogr
35:213–229
Merriam CH (1898) Life zones and crop zones of the United
States. Bulletin division biological survey 10. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp 1–79
Milanova EV, Kushlin AV (1993) World map of presentday landscapes: an explanatory note. Prepared by
Moscow State University and the United Nations
Environment Programme. Scale 1:15,000,000
Nowacki G, Spencer P, Fleming M, Brock T, Jorgenson T
(2002) Unified ecoregions of Alaska: 2001. U.S. Geological survey open-file report 02–297 (map)
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess
ND et al (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a
new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938
Olstad TA (2012) Understanding the science and art of
ecoregionalization. Prof Geogr 64(2):303–308
Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States (map supplement). Ann Assoc Am
Geogr 77:118–125
Passarge S (1929) Die landschaftsgu ¨rtel der erde, natur
und kultur. Ferdinand Hirt, Breslau, 144 pp
Rowe JS, Sheard JW (1981) Ecological land classification: a survey approach. Environ Manage 5:451–464
Sayre R, Comer P, Warner H, Cress J (2009) A new map
of standardized terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1768, 17 pp
Sayre R, Comer P, Hak J et al (2013) A new map of
standardized terrestrial ecosystems of Africa. Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC, 24 pp
Schultz J (1995) The ecozones of the world: the ecological divisions of the geosphere (trans. from German by
I. and D. Jordan). Springer, Heidelberg, 449 pp
Schwabe A, Kratochwil A (2011) Classification of biogeographical and ecological phenomena. In:
Millington A, Blumier M, Schickhoff U (eds) Sage
handbook of biogeography. Sage, London, pp 75–98
Simons H (2001) FRA 2000. Global ecological zoning for
the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Forest
resources assessment working paper 56. FAO, Rome,
211 pp
Snelder T, Lehmann A, Lamouroux N, Leathwick J,
Allenbach K (2009) Strong influence of variable treatment on the performance of numerically defined ecological regions. Environ Manage 44(4):658–670
Spalding MD, Gox HE, Allen GR et al (2007) Marine
ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of
coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57(7):573–583
Spalding MD, Agostini VN, Rice J, Grant SM (2012)
Pelagic provinces of the world: a biogeographic
classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters.
Oceans Coast Manage 60:19–30
Strahler AN, Strahler AH (1989) Elements of physical
geography, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, 562 pp
Tansley AG (1935) The use and misuse of vegetation
terms and concepts. Ecology 16:284–307
Trewartha GT, Robinson AH, Hammond EH (1967)
Physical elements of geography, 5th edn. McGrawHill, New York, 527 pp
Tricart J, Cailleux A (1972) Introduction to climatic geomorphology (trans. from French by C.J. Kiewiet de
Jonge). St. Martin’s Press, New York, 274 pp
Troll C, Paffen KH (1964) Karte der Jahreszeiten-Klimate
der Erde. Erdkunde 18:5–28
Udvardy MDF (1975) A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. Occasional paper no. 18.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, 48 pp
Walter H (1984) Vegetation of the earth and ecological
systems of the geo-biosphere (3rd revised and
enlarged edn) [trans. from German by Owen Muise].
Springer, Berlin, 318 pp
Walter H, Box E (1976) Global classification of natural
terrestrial ecosystems. Vegetatio 32:75–81
Weigelt P, Jetz W, Kreft H (2013) Bioclimatic and physical characterization of the world’s islands. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 110(38):15307–15312
Wiken EB (1986) Terrestrial ecozones of Canada. Ecological land classification series no. 19. Environment
Canada, Hull, QC, 26 pp + map
Woodward SL (2009) Introduction to biomes. Greenwood
Press, Westport, CT, 164 pp
Wu S, Yang Q, Zheng D (2003a) Delineation of ecogeographic regional system of China. J Geogr Sci 13
(3):309–315
Wu S, Yang Q, Zheng D (2003b) Comparative study
of eco-geographic regional system between China
and USA [in Chinese]. Acta Geograph Sin 58
(5):686–694
Glossary References
Holdridge LR (1947) Determination of world plant
formations from simple climatic data. Science
105:367–368
Merriam CH (1898) Life zones and crop zones of the
United States. Bulletin division biological survey 10.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp
1–79
Walace AR (1876) The geographical distribution of
animals. With a study of the relations of living and
extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the
earth’s surface, 2 vols. Macmillan, London, p 503, p 607
Walter H (1984) Vegetation of the earth and the ecological systems of the geo-biosphere (trans. from German
by O. Muise) (3rd edn). Springer, Berlin, 318 pp
164
Bibliography
Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United
States in relation to ecosystem mapping. J Biogeogr
26:1025–1038
Mackey BG, Berry SL, Brown T (2008) Reconciling
approaches to biogeographic regionalization: a systematic and generic framework examined with a case
study of the Australian continent. J Biogeogr
35:213–229
Merriam CH (1898) Life zones and crop zones of the United
States. Bulletin division biological survey 10. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp 1–79
Milanova EV, Kushlin AV (1993) World map of presentday landscapes: an explanatory note. Prepared by
Moscow State University and the United Nations
Environment Programme. Scale 1:15,000,000
Nowacki G, Spencer P, Fleming M, Brock T, Jorgenson T
(2002) Unified ecoregions of Alaska: 2001. U.S. Geological survey open-file report 02–297 (map)
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess
ND et al (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a
new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938
Olstad TA (2012) Understanding the science and art of
ecoregionalization. Prof Geogr 64(2):303–308
Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous
United States (map supplement). Ann Assoc Am
Geogr 77:118–125
Passarge S (1929) Die landschaftsgu ¨rtel der erde, natur
und kultur. Ferdinand Hirt, Breslau, 144 pp
Rowe JS, Sheard JW (1981) Ecological land classification: a survey approach. Environ Manage 5:451–464
Sayre R, Comer P, Warner H, Cress J (2009) A new map
of standardized terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1768, 17 pp
Sayre R, Comer P, Hak J et al (2013) A new map of
standardized terrestrial ecosystems of Africa. Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC, 24 pp
Schultz J (1995) The ecozones of the world: the ecological divisions of the geosphere (trans. from German by
I. and D. Jordan). Springer, Heidelberg, 449 pp
Schwabe A, Kratochwil A (2011) Classification of biogeographical and ecological phenomena. In:
Millington A, Blumier M, Schickhoff U (eds) Sage
handbook of biogeography. Sage, London, pp 75–98
Simons H (2001) FRA 2000. Global ecological zoning for
the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Forest
resources assessment working paper 56. FAO, Rome,
211 pp
Snelder T, Lehmann A, Lamouroux N, Leathwick J,
Allenbach K (2009) Strong influence of variable treatment on the performance of numerically defined ecological regions. Environ Manage 44(4):658–670
Spalding MD, Gox HE, Allen GR et al (2007) Marine
ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of
coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57(7):573–583
Spalding MD, Agostini VN, Rice J, Grant SM (2012)
Pelagic provinces of the world: a biogeographic
classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters.
Oceans Coast Manage 60:19–30
Strahler AN, Strahler AH (1989) Elements of physical
geography, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, 562 pp
Tansley AG (1935) The use and misuse of vegetation
terms and concepts. Ecology 16:284–307
Trewartha GT, Robinson AH, Hammond EH (1967)
Physical elements of geography, 5th edn. McGrawHill, New York, 527 pp
Tricart J, Cailleux A (1972) Introduction to climatic geomorphology (trans. from French by C.J. Kiewiet de
Jonge). St. Martin’s Press, New York, 274 pp
Troll C, Paffen KH (1964) Karte der Jahreszeiten-Klimate
der Erde. Erdkunde 18:5–28
Udvardy MDF (1975) A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. Occasional paper no. 18.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland, 48 pp
Walter H (1984) Vegetation of the earth and ecological
systems of the geo-biosphere (3rd revised and
enlarged edn) [trans. from German by Owen Muise].
Springer, Berlin, 318 pp
Walter H, Box E (1976) Global classification of natural
terrestrial ecosystems. Vegetatio 32:75–81
Weigelt P, Jetz W, Kreft H (2013) Bioclimatic and physical characterization of the world’s islands. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 110(38):15307–15312
Wiken EB (1986) Terrestrial ecozones of Canada. Ecological land classification series no. 19. Environment
Canada, Hull, QC, 26 pp + map
Woodward SL (2009) Introduction to biomes. Greenwood
Press, Westport, CT, 164 pp
Wu S, Yang Q, Zheng D (2003a) Delineation of ecogeographic regional system of China. J Geogr Sci 13
(3):309–315
Wu S, Yang Q, Zheng D (2003b) Comparative study
of eco-geographic regional system between China
and USA [in Chinese]. Acta Geograph Sin 58
(5):686–694
Glossary References
Holdridge LR (1947) Determination of world plant
formations from simple climatic data. Science
105:367–368
Merriam CH (1898) Life zones and crop zones of the
United States. Bulletin division biological survey 10.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp
1–79
Walace AR (1876) The geographical distribution of
animals. With a study of the relations of living and
extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the
earth’s surface, 2 vols. Macmillan, London, p 503, p 607
Walter H (1984) Vegetation of the earth and the ecological systems of the geo-biosphere (trans. from German
by O. Muise) (3rd edn). Springer, Berlin, 318 pp
164
Bibliography