348 Subject Index
content in shells 194
budget 294
magnetic anomalies 32ff
magnetic lineations 34
magnetic reversals 31, 33, 35, 39, 251,274,
275
time scale 35, 37,39,238
magnetite, placer deposits 287
formula 319
mammoths 144
man as geologic agent 206, 208ff
C-dioxide problem: see global warming
dumping 298
Venice sinking l5lff
manganese, deposits 90, 174, 222, 289ff, 292ff
abundance 322
carbonate 206
rate of growth (nodules) 291
MnlFe ratio 294
mobilization 206
mangroves 141, 143,330
mantle of Earth 17, 20, 40
convection 19, 305
plumes 29, 274
processes 39
Manus basin, hot vents 296
marcasite, formula 319
margins 45
non-volcanic 46
volcanic 48
see continental margin
marginal ridges 57
marginal seas 151
margins, sinking 45
margins, uplifted 135
Mariana Trench 25
marine snow 220
marine geology, history of Iff, 303
marine organisms 157 ff
mineral composition 83
as sediment producers 83
diversity 157
biogeography 188
coral reef community 197
marine sediments, origin, types 69ff, 77ff
sources 69ff
transport of 99ff
in continental margins 44ff, 147
wave action on 102ff, 129ff
current action on I11ff
sea level and succession 128
terraces 135
trapping in estuaries 137, 138
in deltas 13 8ff
in lagoons and barriers 140ff
and organisms 173ff
as climatic indicators 185ff
in the deep sea 215
Pleistocene 247
Tertiary 257
as resources 278
dating of 236, 323
see also carbonates
markers, chemical 194
mass movements, off northwest Africa 59
mass, unit conversions 315
mature sands 80
Matuyama magnetic epoch 145
maximum glaciation
sea level 244
see glacial conditions and ice age
Mediterranean 89, 121, 151,202
submarine canyons 62
volcanic ash layers 74
desiccation 151
sapropels 207
deep circulation and sediments 121, 124
evaporites 89, 91, 260
melange (= jumbled rock masses within active
margin) 53
meltwater pulses, deglaciation 136
menardii stratigraphy 217, 248
mercury, pollution 302
meroplankton 114, 157
Mesozoic, duration 317
metalliferous sediments (Ridge Crest) 293
metals, placer deposits 287
in seawater 289
metamorphic rocks, types 321
metasomatic processes 53
Meteor Expedition 4, 16, 17,57,59, 120, 215,
241
meteorites 95
methane 53, 76
clathrates 76
climatic change 230
ice age 254
methane-bearing fluids 53
metric units 315
micas (minerals), formulae 318
micrites 196
micronodu1es 291
microtectites 95
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 8ff, 17ff
see Mid-Ocean Ridge
Mid-Miocene cooling step 262
Mid-Oceanic Ridge, morphology 5, 17,21 ff
basalt 20
content in shells 194
budget 294
magnetic anomalies 32ff
magnetic lineations 34
magnetic reversals 31, 33, 35, 39, 251,274,
275
time scale 35, 37,39,238
magnetite, placer deposits 287
formula 319
mammoths 144
man as geologic agent 206, 208ff
C-dioxide problem: see global warming
dumping 298
Venice sinking l5lff
manganese, deposits 90, 174, 222, 289ff, 292ff
abundance 322
carbonate 206
rate of growth (nodules) 291
MnlFe ratio 294
mobilization 206
mangroves 141, 143,330
mantle of Earth 17, 20, 40
convection 19, 305
plumes 29, 274
processes 39
Manus basin, hot vents 296
marcasite, formula 319
margins 45
non-volcanic 46
volcanic 48
see continental margin
marginal ridges 57
marginal seas 151
margins, sinking 45
margins, uplifted 135
Mariana Trench 25
marine snow 220
marine geology, history of Iff, 303
marine organisms 157 ff
mineral composition 83
as sediment producers 83
diversity 157
biogeography 188
coral reef community 197
marine sediments, origin, types 69ff, 77ff
sources 69ff
transport of 99ff
in continental margins 44ff, 147
wave action on 102ff, 129ff
current action on I11ff
sea level and succession 128
terraces 135
trapping in estuaries 137, 138
in deltas 13 8ff
in lagoons and barriers 140ff
and organisms 173ff
as climatic indicators 185ff
in the deep sea 215
Pleistocene 247
Tertiary 257
as resources 278
dating of 236, 323
see also carbonates
markers, chemical 194
mass movements, off northwest Africa 59
mass, unit conversions 315
mature sands 80
Matuyama magnetic epoch 145
maximum glaciation
sea level 244
see glacial conditions and ice age
Mediterranean 89, 121, 151,202
submarine canyons 62
volcanic ash layers 74
desiccation 151
sapropels 207
deep circulation and sediments 121, 124
evaporites 89, 91, 260
melange (= jumbled rock masses within active
margin) 53
meltwater pulses, deglaciation 136
menardii stratigraphy 217, 248
mercury, pollution 302
meroplankton 114, 157
Mesozoic, duration 317
metalliferous sediments (Ridge Crest) 293
metals, placer deposits 287
in seawater 289
metamorphic rocks, types 321
metasomatic processes 53
Meteor Expedition 4, 16, 17,57,59, 120, 215,
241
meteorites 95
methane 53, 76
clathrates 76
climatic change 230
ice age 254
methane-bearing fluids 53
metric units 315
micas (minerals), formulae 318
micrites 196
micronodu1es 291
microtectites 95
Mid-Atlantic Ridge 8ff, 17ff
see Mid-Ocean Ridge
Mid-Miocene cooling step 262
Mid-Oceanic Ridge, morphology 5, 17,21 ff
basalt 20