biostratigraphy 236, 237, 238, 257
resolution 11
vs. paleomagnetic ages 37
bioturbation 124, 175, 177
tidal flats 172
deep-sea clay 174
deep-water 178
and varves 188
birdfoot delta, cross-section 139
black shale deposition 129,272, 274,275
see also anaerobic sediments
organic-rich sediments
black smokers 182, 183, 295
Black Sea 76, 93, 125, 166
oxygen deficiency 271, 272
circulation 203
Blake Plateau 57, 114
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) 328
see also stromatolites
Bolivina, sensitivity 167
Borderland of Southern California 57,58
boring organisms 169 ff, 197
bottom shear stress 99
bottom currents, calculated 120
see also currents
boundary currents 111 ff, 118, 123
and coral reefs 114
box corer, operation 216
Braarudosphaera (nannofossil)
blooms 264, 266
breaking waves 102
brittle star community 181
Brunhes-Matuyama boundary 145,238,251
bryozoans 170,331
bubnoff, definition 93
Bullard's fit of continents 38, 51
burrows and tracks 171, 174ff
Buzzard's Bay 137
cadmium, nutrient marker 194
calcareous oolites 132
calcareous ooze 188, 225
distribution 225
dissolution patterns 226
sedimentation rates 219
calcareous muds, definition 217
calcite compensation depth
definition 215
see also CCD
calcite, formula 319
calcium, budget 225, 322
Caledonian mountains
closure of proto-Atlantic 51
Paleozoic fold belts 38
Subject Index
341
calibration (paleotemp.) 190
California; Borderland 57,58
continental margin 58
beaches 106 ff
cliff erosion 110
benthic forams 167
offshore oil 281
Canary Current 111
Cape Hatteras 59, 163
Cape Cod, morphology 137, 163
Cape Verde Rise 81
Cape Cod 137, 163
carbon flux, model 158
carbon dioxide, and carbonate saturation 85
levels of 127, 322
in ice cores 230, 254, 305
Pleistocene 248
and productivity 255
and weathering 257
and global change 229
carbon isotopes 159, 193
stratigraphy 238
and productivity 254, 255
Miocene excursions 263
Cretaceous 273;
carbon reservoir 254
carbon-14 178, 324, 325
dating 178ff
and bioturbation 179
carbonate
-shelf 48
minerals 83, 318
saturation 85
inorganic precipitation 85
carbonate cycles 247, 248, 249
content in deepsea
sediments 225
cycles 247ff
dissolution 121, 191, 206, 226ff
and C-dioxide 230
production and C-dioxide 257
carbonate line
see CCD
Cardium (bivalve) 172
carnallite, formula 319
Carnegie Ridge giant dunes 123
Caspian Sea 91
cassiterite deposits 288
Cavolinia (pteropod) 331
CCD (= carbonate compensation depth)
nature and fluctuations 226 ff 267ff
cementation 76
Cenozoic
cooling trend 258
resolution 11
vs. paleomagnetic ages 37
bioturbation 124, 175, 177
tidal flats 172
deep-sea clay 174
deep-water 178
and varves 188
birdfoot delta, cross-section 139
black shale deposition 129,272, 274,275
see also anaerobic sediments
organic-rich sediments
black smokers 182, 183, 295
Black Sea 76, 93, 125, 166
oxygen deficiency 271, 272
circulation 203
Blake Plateau 57, 114
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) 328
see also stromatolites
Bolivina, sensitivity 167
Borderland of Southern California 57,58
boring organisms 169 ff, 197
bottom shear stress 99
bottom currents, calculated 120
see also currents
boundary currents 111 ff, 118, 123
and coral reefs 114
box corer, operation 216
Braarudosphaera (nannofossil)
blooms 264, 266
breaking waves 102
brittle star community 181
Brunhes-Matuyama boundary 145,238,251
bryozoans 170,331
bubnoff, definition 93
Bullard's fit of continents 38, 51
burrows and tracks 171, 174ff
Buzzard's Bay 137
cadmium, nutrient marker 194
calcareous oolites 132
calcareous ooze 188, 225
distribution 225
dissolution patterns 226
sedimentation rates 219
calcareous muds, definition 217
calcite compensation depth
definition 215
see also CCD
calcite, formula 319
calcium, budget 225, 322
Caledonian mountains
closure of proto-Atlantic 51
Paleozoic fold belts 38
Subject Index
341
calibration (paleotemp.) 190
California; Borderland 57,58
continental margin 58
beaches 106 ff
cliff erosion 110
benthic forams 167
offshore oil 281
Canary Current 111
Cape Hatteras 59, 163
Cape Cod, morphology 137, 163
Cape Verde Rise 81
Cape Cod 137, 163
carbon flux, model 158
carbon dioxide, and carbonate saturation 85
levels of 127, 322
in ice cores 230, 254, 305
Pleistocene 248
and productivity 255
and weathering 257
and global change 229
carbon isotopes 159, 193
stratigraphy 238
and productivity 254, 255
Miocene excursions 263
Cretaceous 273;
carbon reservoir 254
carbon-14 178, 324, 325
dating 178ff
and bioturbation 179
carbonate
-shelf 48
minerals 83, 318
saturation 85
inorganic precipitation 85
carbonate cycles 247, 248, 249
content in deepsea
sediments 225
cycles 247ff
dissolution 121, 191, 206, 226ff
and C-dioxide 230
production and C-dioxide 257
carbonate line
see CCD
Cardium (bivalve) 172
carnallite, formula 319
Carnegie Ridge giant dunes 123
Caspian Sea 91
cassiterite deposits 288
Cavolinia (pteropod) 331
CCD (= carbonate compensation depth)
nature and fluctuations 226 ff 267ff
cementation 76
Cenozoic
cooling trend 258