Contents XI
8.2 Inventory and Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
8.2.1 Sediment Types and Patterns ................... 215
8.2.2 Biogenous Sediments Dominate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216
8.2.3 Sedimentation Rates ......................... 217
8.2.4 Thickness of Deep-Sea Sediments .............. 219
8.3 The Pelagic Rain ................................... 220
8.3.1 Importance of Fecal Transport ................. 220
8.3.2 Flux of Organic Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
8.3.3 Seasonality of Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
8.4 "Red Clay" and Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222
8.4.1 Origin of "Red Clay": the Questions . . . . . . . . . . .. 222
8.4.2 Composition of "Red Clay" ................... 222
8.4.3 Distribution of Clay Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
8.5 Calcareous Ooze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
8.5.1 Depth Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
8.5.2 Dissolution Patterns in the Deep Sea. . . . . . . . . . .. 226
8.5.3 Peterson's Level and the Lysocline .............. 226
8.5.4 Dissolution Patterns near Continents . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
8.5.5 Why is there a CCD? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
8.5.6 A Global Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
8.6 Siliceous Ooze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
8.6.1 Composition and Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
8.6.2 Controlling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
8.6.3 Geochemical Implications ..................... 233
8.6.4 Deep-Sea Cherts ............................. 234
8.7 Stratigraphy and Dating ............................. 236
8.7.1 General Considerations ....................... 236
8.7.2 Aspects of Biostratigraphy .................... 236
8.7.3 Magnetostratigraphy..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
8.7.4 Chemostratigraphy ........................... 239
8.7.5 Cyclostratigraphy ............................ 240
9
Paleoceanography - The Deep-Sea Record. . . . . . . . . . .. 241
9.1 Background....................................... 241
9.2 The Ice Age Ocean ................................. 242
9.2.1 Why an Ice Age? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 242
9.2.2 Conditions in a Cold Ocean ................... 243
9.2.3 The 18 K Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244
9.2.4 Pulsed Deglaciation .......................... 246
9.3 The Pleistocene Cycles .............................. 247
9.3.1 The Evidence ............................... 247
9.3.2 The Carbonate Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247
9.3.3 The Faunal (and Floral) Cycles ................. 249
9.3.4 Oxygen Isotope Cycles ....................... 249
8.2 Inventory and Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
8.2.1 Sediment Types and Patterns ................... 215
8.2.2 Biogenous Sediments Dominate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216
8.2.3 Sedimentation Rates ......................... 217
8.2.4 Thickness of Deep-Sea Sediments .............. 219
8.3 The Pelagic Rain ................................... 220
8.3.1 Importance of Fecal Transport ................. 220
8.3.2 Flux of Organic Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
8.3.3 Seasonality of Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
8.4 "Red Clay" and Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222
8.4.1 Origin of "Red Clay": the Questions . . . . . . . . . . .. 222
8.4.2 Composition of "Red Clay" ................... 222
8.4.3 Distribution of Clay Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
8.5 Calcareous Ooze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
8.5.1 Depth Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
8.5.2 Dissolution Patterns in the Deep Sea. . . . . . . . . . .. 226
8.5.3 Peterson's Level and the Lysocline .............. 226
8.5.4 Dissolution Patterns near Continents . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
8.5.5 Why is there a CCD? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
8.5.6 A Global Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
8.6 Siliceous Ooze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
8.6.1 Composition and Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
8.6.2 Controlling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
8.6.3 Geochemical Implications ..................... 233
8.6.4 Deep-Sea Cherts ............................. 234
8.7 Stratigraphy and Dating ............................. 236
8.7.1 General Considerations ....................... 236
8.7.2 Aspects of Biostratigraphy .................... 236
8.7.3 Magnetostratigraphy..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 238
8.7.4 Chemostratigraphy ........................... 239
8.7.5 Cyclostratigraphy ............................ 240
9
Paleoceanography - The Deep-Sea Record. . . . . . . . . . .. 241
9.1 Background....................................... 241
9.2 The Ice Age Ocean ................................. 242
9.2.1 Why an Ice Age? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 242
9.2.2 Conditions in a Cold Ocean ................... 243
9.2.3 The 18 K Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244
9.2.4 Pulsed Deglaciation .......................... 246
9.3 The Pleistocene Cycles .............................. 247
9.3.1 The Evidence ............................... 247
9.3.2 The Carbonate Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247
9.3.3 The Faunal (and Floral) Cycles ................. 249
9.3.4 Oxygen Isotope Cycles ....................... 249