X Contents
6.7.2 Mixing Model .............................. 179
6.8 Limits of Paleoecologic Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
6.9 "Hot Vent" and "Cold Seep" Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
7
Imprint of Climatic Zonation on Marine Sediments. . .. 185
7.1 Overall Zonation and Main Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
7.1.1 The Zones .................................. 185
7.1.2 Temperature and Fertility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
7.2 Biogeographic Climate Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188
7.2.1 Paleotemperature from Transfer Methods ........ 188
7.2.2 Transfer Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 189
7.2.3 Application of Transfer Methods:
Climatic Transgression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 190
7.2.4 Limitations of the Transfer Method ............. 191
7.3 Diversity and Shell Chemistry as Climatic Indicators ..... 191
7.3.1 Diversity Gradients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
7.3.2 Oxygen Isotopes ............................ 192
7.3.3 Carbon Isotopes ............................. 193
7.3.4 Other Chemical Markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
7.4 Coral Reefs, Markers of Tropical Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
7.4.1 Global Distribution .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
7.4.2 Reef Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
7.4.3 Atolls........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196
7.5 Geologic Climate Indicators ......................... 199
7.5.1 Chemical Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199
7.5.2 Physical Geologic Indicators ................... 199
7.6 Climatic Clues from Restricted Seas ................... 201
7.6.1 Salinity Distributions and Exchange Patterns ...... 201
7.6.2 The Baltic As Humid Model of a Marginal Sea . .. 203
7.6.3 Conditions of Stagnation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
7.6.4 The Persian/Arabian Gulf As Arid Model
of a Marginal Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
7.6.5 Application to Large Ocean Basins . . . . . . . . . . . .. 207
7.7 Global Change: The Problem of Detection .............. 208
7.7.1 An Unusual Decade .......................... 208
7.7.2 Santa Barbara Basin .......................... 209
7.7.3 EI Nino .................................... 210
7.7.4 The Coral Record ............................ 211
7.7.5 Global Change: The Role of Marine Geology ..... 211
8
Deep-Sea Sediments - Patterns, Processes,
and Stratigraphic Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
8.1 Background ....................................... 215