13 Input from the Deep: Hot Vents and Cold Seeps
474
deposit formed from a black smoker complex containing 100 vents of the type described in question 2,
how long would it have taken to deposit this much
metal, assuming a depositional efficiency of 1%?
Problem 4
The average depth of the summit calderas along a
submarine volcanic arc in the western Pacific
Ocean is about 1000 m. What is the pressure at
this depth? What is the maximum temperature of
a vent fluid discharging at 1000 m, assuming a
composition similar to that of mid-ocean ridge
vents? What is the maximum temperature of
vents at 500 m depth?
Problem 5
Write a balanced chemical reaction (or reactions) to
represent the breakdown of organic matter in
sediment to form carbon dioxide and methane in a
cold seep environment. If the average temperature
of the sediments where this reaction is taking place
is 5°C, what is the minimum depth at which you
would expect to find solid gas hydrates forming
from the methane? What would be the depth if the
bottom temperature was 1°C?
References
Alt, J.C., 1995. Subseafloor processes in mid - ocean ridge
hydrothermal
systems.
Seafloor
Hydrothermal
Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Geological Interactions, AGU Geophysical Monograph, 91: 85-114 pp.
Auzende, J.M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J.P.,
Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M.,
Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E.,
Tanaka, T. and Tanahashi, M., 1989. Le cadre
geologique d’un site hydrothermal actif. la campagne
Starmer 1 du submersible nautile dans le bassin Nord
Fidjien. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 309: 1787-1795.
Baker, E.T., Lavelle, J.W. and Massoth, G.J., 1985. Hydrothermal particle plumes over the southern Juan de
Fuca Ridge. Nature, 316: 342-344.
Baker, E.T. and Lupton, J.E., 1990. Changes in
submarine hydrothermal 3He/ heat ratios as an
indicator of magmatic/ tectonic activity. Nature, 346:
556-558.
Baker, E.T., 1995. Characteristics of hydrothermal
discharge
following
a
magmatic
intrusion.
Hydrothermal Vents and Processes, In: Parson, L.M.,
Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R. (eds) Geological
Society Special Puplication, 87: 65-76 pp.
Bischoff, J.L. and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1984. The critical point
and two-phase boundery of seawater, 200°C - 500°C.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 68: 172-180.
Bischoff, J.L. and Pitzer, K.S., 1985. Phase relation and
adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 75: 327-338.
Bischoff, J.L. and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1987. Phase separation in seafloor geothermal systems: An experimental study of the effects on metal transport. American
Journal of Science, 287: 953-978.
Both, R.A., Crook, K., Taylor, B., Brogan, S., Chapell, B.,
Frankel, E., Liu, L., Sinton, J. and Tiffin, D., 1986.
Hydrothermal chimneys and associated fauna in the
Manus back - arc basin, Papua New Guinea. American
Geophysical Union Translations, 67: 489-490.
Bourcier, W.L. and Barnes, H.L., 1987. Ore solution
chemistry Vll. Stabilities of chloride and bisulfide
complexes of zinc to 350°C. Economic Geology, 82:
1839-1863.
Bowers, T.S., von Damm, K.L. and Edmond, J.M., 1985.
Chemical Evolution of mid - ocean ridge hot springs.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 2239-2252.
Butterfield, D.A., Massoth, G.J., McDuff, R.E., Lupton,
J.E. and Lilley, M.D., 1990. Geochemistry of
hydrothermal
fluids
from
Axial
seamount
hydrothermal emissions study vent field, Juan de Fuca
Ridge: Subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid rock
and interaction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95:
12895-12921.
Butterfield, D.A. and Massoth, G.J., 1994. Geochemistry
of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes
in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent
volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99:
4951-4968.
Butterfield, D.A., 2000. Deep ocean hydrothermal
vents. In: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B.F., McNutt,
474
deposit formed from a black smoker complex containing 100 vents of the type described in question 2,
how long would it have taken to deposit this much
metal, assuming a depositional efficiency of 1%?
Problem 4
The average depth of the summit calderas along a
submarine volcanic arc in the western Pacific
Ocean is about 1000 m. What is the pressure at
this depth? What is the maximum temperature of
a vent fluid discharging at 1000 m, assuming a
composition similar to that of mid-ocean ridge
vents? What is the maximum temperature of
vents at 500 m depth?
Problem 5
Write a balanced chemical reaction (or reactions) to
represent the breakdown of organic matter in
sediment to form carbon dioxide and methane in a
cold seep environment. If the average temperature
of the sediments where this reaction is taking place
is 5°C, what is the minimum depth at which you
would expect to find solid gas hydrates forming
from the methane? What would be the depth if the
bottom temperature was 1°C?
References
Alt, J.C., 1995. Subseafloor processes in mid - ocean ridge
hydrothermal
systems.
Seafloor
Hydrothermal
Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Geological Interactions, AGU Geophysical Monograph, 91: 85-114 pp.
Auzende, J.M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J.P.,
Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M.,
Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E.,
Tanaka, T. and Tanahashi, M., 1989. Le cadre
geologique d’un site hydrothermal actif. la campagne
Starmer 1 du submersible nautile dans le bassin Nord
Fidjien. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 309: 1787-1795.
Baker, E.T., Lavelle, J.W. and Massoth, G.J., 1985. Hydrothermal particle plumes over the southern Juan de
Fuca Ridge. Nature, 316: 342-344.
Baker, E.T. and Lupton, J.E., 1990. Changes in
submarine hydrothermal 3He/ heat ratios as an
indicator of magmatic/ tectonic activity. Nature, 346:
556-558.
Baker, E.T., 1995. Characteristics of hydrothermal
discharge
following
a
magmatic
intrusion.
Hydrothermal Vents and Processes, In: Parson, L.M.,
Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R. (eds) Geological
Society Special Puplication, 87: 65-76 pp.
Bischoff, J.L. and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1984. The critical point
and two-phase boundery of seawater, 200°C - 500°C.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 68: 172-180.
Bischoff, J.L. and Pitzer, K.S., 1985. Phase relation and
adiabats in boiling seafloor geothermal systems. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 75: 327-338.
Bischoff, J.L. and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1987. Phase separation in seafloor geothermal systems: An experimental study of the effects on metal transport. American
Journal of Science, 287: 953-978.
Both, R.A., Crook, K., Taylor, B., Brogan, S., Chapell, B.,
Frankel, E., Liu, L., Sinton, J. and Tiffin, D., 1986.
Hydrothermal chimneys and associated fauna in the
Manus back - arc basin, Papua New Guinea. American
Geophysical Union Translations, 67: 489-490.
Bourcier, W.L. and Barnes, H.L., 1987. Ore solution
chemistry Vll. Stabilities of chloride and bisulfide
complexes of zinc to 350°C. Economic Geology, 82:
1839-1863.
Bowers, T.S., von Damm, K.L. and Edmond, J.M., 1985.
Chemical Evolution of mid - ocean ridge hot springs.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 2239-2252.
Butterfield, D.A., Massoth, G.J., McDuff, R.E., Lupton,
J.E. and Lilley, M.D., 1990. Geochemistry of
hydrothermal
fluids
from
Axial
seamount
hydrothermal emissions study vent field, Juan de Fuca
Ridge: Subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid rock
and interaction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95:
12895-12921.
Butterfield, D.A. and Massoth, G.J., 1994. Geochemistry
of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes
in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent
volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99:
4951-4968.
Butterfield, D.A., 2000. Deep ocean hydrothermal
vents. In: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B.F., McNutt,