367
References
Newman, J.W., Parker, P.L., Behrens, E.W., 1973.
Organic carbon ratios in Quaternary cores from the
Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
37: 225-238.
Nielsen, H., Ricke, W., 1964. Schwefel-IsotopenVerhältnisse von Evaporiten aus Deutschland: ein
Beitrag zur Kenntnis von
34 S im Meerwasser-Sulfat.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 28: 577-591.
Nissenbaum, A., Presley, B.J., Kaplan, I.R., 1972. Early
diagenesis in a reducing fjord, Saanich Inlet, British
Columbia - I. Chemical and isotopic changes in
major components of interstitial water. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 36: 1007-1027.
Ohmoto, H., Kaiser, C.J., Geer, K.A., 1990. Systematics
of sulphur isotopes in recent marine sediments and
ancient sediment-hosted basemetal deposits. Univ
Western Australia Publ 23: 70-120.
O’Leary, M.H., 1981. Carbon isotope fractionation in
plants. Phytochemistry 20: 553-567.
Palmer, M.R., Pearson, P.N., 2003. A 23,000-year
record of surface water pH and PCO 2 in the Western
Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Science 300: 480-482.
Park, R., Epstein, S., 1960. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 21: 110-126.
Pearson, P.N., Palmer, M.R., 2000. Atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million
years. Nature 406: 695-699.
Pearson, P.N., Ditchfield, P.W., Singano, J., HarcourtBrown, K.G., Nicholas, C.J., Olsson, R.K.,
Shackleton, N.J. and Hall, M.A., 2001. Warm tropical
sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and
Eocene epochs. Nature 413: 481-487.
Popp, B.N., Anderson, T.F., Sandberg, P.A., 1986.
Brachiopods as indicators of original isotopic
compositions in some Paleozoic limestones. Geological Society America Bulletin 97: 1262-1269.
Popp, B.N., Laws, E.A., Bidigare, R.R., Dore, J.E.,
Hanson, K.L., Wakeham, S.G., 1998. Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry on carbon isotopic fractionation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62: 69-77.
Popp, B.N., Parekh, P., Tilbrook, B., Bidigare, R.R.,
Laws, E.A., 1997. Organic carbon δ
13 C variations in
sedimentary rocks as chemostratigraphic and
paleoenvironmental tools. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 132: 119-132.
Popp, B.N., Tagiku, R., Hayes, J.M., Louda, J.W.,
Baker, E.W., 1989. The post-paleozoic chronology
and mechanism of δ
13 C depletion in primary marine
organic matter. American Journal of Sciences 289:
436-454.
Raab, M., Spiro, B., 1991. Sulfur isotopic variations
during seawater evaporation with fractional crystallization. Chemical Geology 86: 323-333.
Railsback, L.B., 1990. Influence of changing deep ocean
circulation on the Phanerozoic oxygen isotopic
record. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54:
1501-1509.
Raiswell, R., 1997. A geochemical framework for the
application of stable sulphur isotopes to fossil
pyritization. Journal of the Geological Society,
London 154: 343-356.
Raiswell, R., Berner, R.A., 1985. Pyrite formation in
euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments. American Journal of Sciences 285: 710-724.
Raiswell, R., Berner, R.A., 1986. Pyrite and organic
matter in Phanerozoic normal marine shales. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50: 1967-1976.
Rau, G.H., Froehlich, P.N., Takahashi, T., Des Marais,
D.J., 1991. Does sedimentary organic δ
13 C record
variations in Quaternary ocean [CO 2(aq) ]? Paleoceanography 6: 335-347.
Rau, G.H., Riebesell, U., Wolf-Gladrow, D., 1997. CO 2aq -
dependent photosynthetic
13 C fractionation in the
ocean: A model versus measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 267-278.
Reynaud, S., Hemming, N.G., Juillet-Leclerc. A., Gattuso. J.P., 2004. Effect of pCO 2 and temperature on
the boron isotopic composition of a zooxanthellate
coral: Acropora sp. Coral Reefs 23: 539-546.
Rink, S., Kühl, M., Bijma, J., and Spero, H. J., 1998.
Microsensor studies of photosynthesis and respiration in the symbiontic foraminifer O. universa..
Marine Biology, 131: 583-596.
Rost, B., Zondervan, I., Riebesell, U., 2002. Lightdependent carbon isotope fractionation in the
coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 120-128.
Rühlemann, C., Frank, M., Hale, W., Mangini, A.,
Mulitza, S., Müller, P.J., Wefer, G., 1996. Late
Quaternary productivity changes in the western
equatorial Atlantic: Evidence from
230 Th-normalized
carbonate and organic carbon accumulation rates.
Marine Geology 135: 127-152.
Sanyal, A., and Bijma, J., 1999. A comparative study of
northwest Africa and eastern equatorial Pacific
upwelling zones as sources of CO 2 during glacial
periods based on boron isotope paleo-pH estimation,
Paleoceanography 14: 753-759.
Sanyal, A., Hemming, N.G., Broecker, W.S., Lea, D.W.,
Spero, H.J., Hanson, G.N., 1996. Oceanic pH control
on the boron isotopic composition of foraminifera:
Evidence from culture experiments. Paleoceanography 11: 513-517.
Sanyal, A., Nugent, M., Reeder, R.J., Bijma, J., 2000.
Seawater pH control on the boron isotopic
composition of calcite: Evidence from inorganic
calcite precipitation experiments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 64: 1551-1555.
Sanyal, A., Bijma, J., Spero, H.J., Lea, D.W., 2001.
Empirical relationship between pH and the boron
isotopic composition of G. sacculifer: Implications
for the boron isotope paleo-pH proxy. Paleoceanography 16: 515-519.
Sanyal, A., Hemming, N.G., Hanson, G.N., Broecker,
W.S., 1995. Evidence for a higher pH in the glacial
ocean from boron isotopes in foraminifera. Nature
373: 234-236.
Sarnthein, M., Winn, K., Jung, S.J.A., Duplessy, J.C.,
Labeyrie, L., Erlenkeuser, H., Ganssen G., 1994.
Changes in east Atlantic deepwater circulation over
the
last
30,000
years:
Eight
time
slice
reconstructions. Paleoceanography 9: 209-268.
References
Newman, J.W., Parker, P.L., Behrens, E.W., 1973.
Organic carbon ratios in Quaternary cores from the
Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
37: 225-238.
Nielsen, H., Ricke, W., 1964. Schwefel-IsotopenVerhältnisse von Evaporiten aus Deutschland: ein
Beitrag zur Kenntnis von
34 S im Meerwasser-Sulfat.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 28: 577-591.
Nissenbaum, A., Presley, B.J., Kaplan, I.R., 1972. Early
diagenesis in a reducing fjord, Saanich Inlet, British
Columbia - I. Chemical and isotopic changes in
major components of interstitial water. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 36: 1007-1027.
Ohmoto, H., Kaiser, C.J., Geer, K.A., 1990. Systematics
of sulphur isotopes in recent marine sediments and
ancient sediment-hosted basemetal deposits. Univ
Western Australia Publ 23: 70-120.
O’Leary, M.H., 1981. Carbon isotope fractionation in
plants. Phytochemistry 20: 553-567.
Palmer, M.R., Pearson, P.N., 2003. A 23,000-year
record of surface water pH and PCO 2 in the Western
Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Science 300: 480-482.
Park, R., Epstein, S., 1960. Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 21: 110-126.
Pearson, P.N., Palmer, M.R., 2000. Atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million
years. Nature 406: 695-699.
Pearson, P.N., Ditchfield, P.W., Singano, J., HarcourtBrown, K.G., Nicholas, C.J., Olsson, R.K.,
Shackleton, N.J. and Hall, M.A., 2001. Warm tropical
sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and
Eocene epochs. Nature 413: 481-487.
Popp, B.N., Anderson, T.F., Sandberg, P.A., 1986.
Brachiopods as indicators of original isotopic
compositions in some Paleozoic limestones. Geological Society America Bulletin 97: 1262-1269.
Popp, B.N., Laws, E.A., Bidigare, R.R., Dore, J.E.,
Hanson, K.L., Wakeham, S.G., 1998. Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry on carbon isotopic fractionation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62: 69-77.
Popp, B.N., Parekh, P., Tilbrook, B., Bidigare, R.R.,
Laws, E.A., 1997. Organic carbon δ
13 C variations in
sedimentary rocks as chemostratigraphic and
paleoenvironmental tools. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 132: 119-132.
Popp, B.N., Tagiku, R., Hayes, J.M., Louda, J.W.,
Baker, E.W., 1989. The post-paleozoic chronology
and mechanism of δ
13 C depletion in primary marine
organic matter. American Journal of Sciences 289:
436-454.
Raab, M., Spiro, B., 1991. Sulfur isotopic variations
during seawater evaporation with fractional crystallization. Chemical Geology 86: 323-333.
Railsback, L.B., 1990. Influence of changing deep ocean
circulation on the Phanerozoic oxygen isotopic
record. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54:
1501-1509.
Raiswell, R., 1997. A geochemical framework for the
application of stable sulphur isotopes to fossil
pyritization. Journal of the Geological Society,
London 154: 343-356.
Raiswell, R., Berner, R.A., 1985. Pyrite formation in
euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments. American Journal of Sciences 285: 710-724.
Raiswell, R., Berner, R.A., 1986. Pyrite and organic
matter in Phanerozoic normal marine shales. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50: 1967-1976.
Rau, G.H., Froehlich, P.N., Takahashi, T., Des Marais,
D.J., 1991. Does sedimentary organic δ
13 C record
variations in Quaternary ocean [CO 2(aq) ]? Paleoceanography 6: 335-347.
Rau, G.H., Riebesell, U., Wolf-Gladrow, D., 1997. CO 2aq -
dependent photosynthetic
13 C fractionation in the
ocean: A model versus measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 267-278.
Reynaud, S., Hemming, N.G., Juillet-Leclerc. A., Gattuso. J.P., 2004. Effect of pCO 2 and temperature on
the boron isotopic composition of a zooxanthellate
coral: Acropora sp. Coral Reefs 23: 539-546.
Rink, S., Kühl, M., Bijma, J., and Spero, H. J., 1998.
Microsensor studies of photosynthesis and respiration in the symbiontic foraminifer O. universa..
Marine Biology, 131: 583-596.
Rost, B., Zondervan, I., Riebesell, U., 2002. Lightdependent carbon isotope fractionation in the
coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 120-128.
Rühlemann, C., Frank, M., Hale, W., Mangini, A.,
Mulitza, S., Müller, P.J., Wefer, G., 1996. Late
Quaternary productivity changes in the western
equatorial Atlantic: Evidence from
230 Th-normalized
carbonate and organic carbon accumulation rates.
Marine Geology 135: 127-152.
Sanyal, A., and Bijma, J., 1999. A comparative study of
northwest Africa and eastern equatorial Pacific
upwelling zones as sources of CO 2 during glacial
periods based on boron isotope paleo-pH estimation,
Paleoceanography 14: 753-759.
Sanyal, A., Hemming, N.G., Broecker, W.S., Lea, D.W.,
Spero, H.J., Hanson, G.N., 1996. Oceanic pH control
on the boron isotopic composition of foraminifera:
Evidence from culture experiments. Paleoceanography 11: 513-517.
Sanyal, A., Nugent, M., Reeder, R.J., Bijma, J., 2000.
Seawater pH control on the boron isotopic
composition of calcite: Evidence from inorganic
calcite precipitation experiments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 64: 1551-1555.
Sanyal, A., Bijma, J., Spero, H.J., Lea, D.W., 2001.
Empirical relationship between pH and the boron
isotopic composition of G. sacculifer: Implications
for the boron isotope paleo-pH proxy. Paleoceanography 16: 515-519.
Sanyal, A., Hemming, N.G., Hanson, G.N., Broecker,
W.S., 1995. Evidence for a higher pH in the glacial
ocean from boron isotopes in foraminifera. Nature
373: 234-236.
Sarnthein, M., Winn, K., Jung, S.J.A., Duplessy, J.C.,
Labeyrie, L., Erlenkeuser, H., Ganssen G., 1994.
Changes in east Atlantic deepwater circulation over
the
last
30,000
years:
Eight
time
slice
reconstructions. Paleoceanography 9: 209-268.