121
References
References
Aller, R.C. and DeMaster, D.J., 1984. Estimates of
particle flux and reworking at the deep-sea floor using
234Th/238U disequilibrium. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 67: 308-318.
Aller, R.C., 1988. Benthic fauna and biogeochemical
processes in marine sediments: The role of burrow
structures. In: Blackburn, T.H. and Sørensen, J.
(eds), Nitrogen cycling coastal marine environments. SCOPE. Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 301-338.
Aller, R.C., 1990. Bioturbation and manganese cycling
in hemipelagic sediments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
Lond., 331: 51-68.
Aller, R.C., 1994. The sedimentary Mn cycle in Long
Island Sound: Its role as intermediate oxidant and
the influence of bioturbation, O2, and Corg flux on
diagenetic reaction balances. Journal of Marine
Research, 52: 259-293.
Archer, D., Emerson, S. and Smith, C.R., 1989. Direct
measurements of the diffusive sublayer at the deep
sea floor using oxygen microelectrodes. Nature, 340:
623-626.
Archer, D. and Devol, A., 1992. Benthic oxygen fluxes
on the Washington shelf and slope: A comparison of
in situ microelectrode and chamber flux measurements. Limnology and Oceanography, 37: 614 -
629.
Archie, G.E., 1942. The electrical resistivity log as an
aid in determining some reservoir characteristics.
Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall., 146: 54 - 62.
Berner, R.A., 1980. Early diagenesis: A theoretical
approach. Princton Univ. Press, Princton, NY, 241
p p .
Boudreau, B.P., 1997. Diagenetic models and their
impletation: modelling transport and reactions in
aquatic sediments. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, NY,
414 pp.
Cornwell, J.C. and Morse, J.W., 1987. The characterization of iron sulfide minerals in anoxic marine
sediments. Marine Chemistry, 22: 193-206.
Davison, W., Grime, G.W., Morgan, J.A.W. and Clarke,
K., 1991. Distribution of dissolved iron in sediment
pore waters at submillimetre resolution. Nature, 352:
323-324.
Davison, W. and Zhang, H., 1994. In situ speciation
measurements of trace components in natural waters
using thin-film gels. Nature, 367: 546-548.
Davison, W., Zhang, H. and Grime, G.W., 1994. Performance characteristics of gel probes used for
measuring the chemistry of pore waters.
Environmental Science & Technology, 28: 16231 6 3 2 .
Davison, W., Fones, G.R. and Grime, G.W., 1997.
Dissolved metals in surface sediment and a microbial
mat at 100 µm resolution. Nature, 387: 885-888.
3.8 Problems
Problem 1
Which of the following parameters have to be
measured in the fresh sediment, which as soon as
possible in squeezed or centrifuged pore water,
which after preservation within some weeks, and
which without any preservation even after long
time: alkalinity, ammonia, chloride, manganese,
nitrate, oxygen, pH-value, potassium, sodium,
sulfate, sulfide, total iron?
Problem 2
In Figure 3.14 a sulfate reduction zone is documented by measured profiles of sulfate and
methane in pore water. Estimate the diffusive
methane flux [mol m
-2
a
-1
] and use for the calculation the more reliable profile of sulfate concentrations. Use a temperature of 5°C and a sediment
porosity of φ = 0.7.
Problem 3
Figure 3.12 shows two very similar profiles of
oxygen concentrations in pore water. Estimate
the total oxygen consumption of the sediment
and the rate of DIC production [mol m
-2
a
-1
].
Assume a C:N:P ratio of 106:16:1 for the organic
matter. Use a temperature of 5°C and a sediment
porosity of φ = 0.7.
Problem 4
For which type of sediments, for which parameters, and for which steps of sampling, pore water
extraction, and analyses a glove box with an inert
gas atmosphere is necessary? Which inert gas
would you prefer? Explain your decisions.
Problem 5
The contents of different elements in the sediment solid phase are determined by their different
pathways into the sediment and by diagenetic
processes. Which elements mainly document a
marine input, which elements document a
terrestrial input, which elements are mainly
influenced by diagenetic processes?
References
References
Aller, R.C. and DeMaster, D.J., 1984. Estimates of
particle flux and reworking at the deep-sea floor using
234Th/238U disequilibrium. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 67: 308-318.
Aller, R.C., 1988. Benthic fauna and biogeochemical
processes in marine sediments: The role of burrow
structures. In: Blackburn, T.H. and Sørensen, J.
(eds), Nitrogen cycling coastal marine environments. SCOPE. Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 301-338.
Aller, R.C., 1990. Bioturbation and manganese cycling
in hemipelagic sediments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
Lond., 331: 51-68.
Aller, R.C., 1994. The sedimentary Mn cycle in Long
Island Sound: Its role as intermediate oxidant and
the influence of bioturbation, O2, and Corg flux on
diagenetic reaction balances. Journal of Marine
Research, 52: 259-293.
Archer, D., Emerson, S. and Smith, C.R., 1989. Direct
measurements of the diffusive sublayer at the deep
sea floor using oxygen microelectrodes. Nature, 340:
623-626.
Archer, D. and Devol, A., 1992. Benthic oxygen fluxes
on the Washington shelf and slope: A comparison of
in situ microelectrode and chamber flux measurements. Limnology and Oceanography, 37: 614 -
629.
Archie, G.E., 1942. The electrical resistivity log as an
aid in determining some reservoir characteristics.
Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall., 146: 54 - 62.
Berner, R.A., 1980. Early diagenesis: A theoretical
approach. Princton Univ. Press, Princton, NY, 241
p p .
Boudreau, B.P., 1997. Diagenetic models and their
impletation: modelling transport and reactions in
aquatic sediments. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, NY,
414 pp.
Cornwell, J.C. and Morse, J.W., 1987. The characterization of iron sulfide minerals in anoxic marine
sediments. Marine Chemistry, 22: 193-206.
Davison, W., Grime, G.W., Morgan, J.A.W. and Clarke,
K., 1991. Distribution of dissolved iron in sediment
pore waters at submillimetre resolution. Nature, 352:
323-324.
Davison, W. and Zhang, H., 1994. In situ speciation
measurements of trace components in natural waters
using thin-film gels. Nature, 367: 546-548.
Davison, W., Zhang, H. and Grime, G.W., 1994. Performance characteristics of gel probes used for
measuring the chemistry of pore waters.
Environmental Science & Technology, 28: 16231 6 3 2 .
Davison, W., Fones, G.R. and Grime, G.W., 1997.
Dissolved metals in surface sediment and a microbial
mat at 100 µm resolution. Nature, 387: 885-888.
3.8 Problems
Problem 1
Which of the following parameters have to be
measured in the fresh sediment, which as soon as
possible in squeezed or centrifuged pore water,
which after preservation within some weeks, and
which without any preservation even after long
time: alkalinity, ammonia, chloride, manganese,
nitrate, oxygen, pH-value, potassium, sodium,
sulfate, sulfide, total iron?
Problem 2
In Figure 3.14 a sulfate reduction zone is documented by measured profiles of sulfate and
methane in pore water. Estimate the diffusive
methane flux [mol m
-2
a
-1
] and use for the calculation the more reliable profile of sulfate concentrations. Use a temperature of 5°C and a sediment
porosity of φ = 0.7.
Problem 3
Figure 3.12 shows two very similar profiles of
oxygen concentrations in pore water. Estimate
the total oxygen consumption of the sediment
and the rate of DIC production [mol m
-2
a
-1
].
Assume a C:N:P ratio of 106:16:1 for the organic
matter. Use a temperature of 5°C and a sediment
porosity of φ = 0.7.
Problem 4
For which type of sediments, for which parameters, and for which steps of sampling, pore water
extraction, and analyses a glove box with an inert
gas atmosphere is necessary? Which inert gas
would you prefer? Explain your decisions.
Problem 5
The contents of different elements in the sediment solid phase are determined by their different
pathways into the sediment and by diagenetic
processes. Which elements mainly document a
marine input, which elements document a
terrestrial input, which elements are mainly
influenced by diagenetic processes?