XII
2.6
Sediment Echosounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.6.1
Synthetic Seismograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.6.2
Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.7
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3
Quantification of Early Diagenesis:
Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water
HORST D. SCHULZ
3.1
Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.2
Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.2.1
Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.2.2
The Steady State Situation and Fick’s First Law of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
3.2.3
Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
3.2.4
The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
3.2.5
The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
3.3
Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
3.3.1
Obtaining Samples of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
3.3.2
Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
3.3.3
Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4
Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.5
In-Situ Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.6
Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.7
Signals in the Sediment Solid Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.7.1
Analysis of the Sediment’s Solid Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.7.2
Interpretation of Element Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.7.3
Correlation of Sediment Cores by the Contents of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.8
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4
Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis
JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER
4.1
The Organic Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.2
Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.2.1
Productivity Versus Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2.2
Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.2.3
Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2.4
The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.2.5
Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3
Early Diagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.1
The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.2
Chemical Composition of Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.3.3
The Principle of Selective Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.3.4
The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 144
4.3.5
Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.3.6
Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
2.6
Sediment Echosounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.6.1
Synthetic Seismograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.6.2
Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.7
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3
Quantification of Early Diagenesis:
Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water
HORST D. SCHULZ
3.1
Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.2
Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.2.1
Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.2.2
The Steady State Situation and Fick’s First Law of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
3.2.3
Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
3.2.4
The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
3.2.5
The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
3.3
Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
3.3.1
Obtaining Samples of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
3.3.2
Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
3.3.3
Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4
Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.5
In-Situ Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.6
Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.7
Signals in the Sediment Solid Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.7.1
Analysis of the Sediment’s Solid Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.7.2
Interpretation of Element Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.7.3
Correlation of Sediment Cores by the Contents of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.8
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4
Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis
JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER
4.1
The Organic Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.2
Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.2.1
Productivity Versus Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2.2
Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.2.3
Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2.4
The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.2.5
Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3
Early Diagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.1
The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.2
Chemical Composition of Biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.3.3
The Principle of Selective Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.3.4
The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 144
4.3.5
Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.3.6
Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146