Retrieval of Sea Ice and Snow Parameters ...
~30'-------~====================~~----~ ~ I
No snow patches Snow patches Change of physical
5
__ ____ temperature
~ 25
CD
a.
E
CD
I(J)
::l 20
.5
.r;
Ol
~
'0 15
CD
Ol
c:
!II
.r;
Polarization: Vertical
Angle of Incidence: 45 deg
o 10L-------------L-------------L-____________ L-__________ ~
20
40
60
Frequency (GHz)
80
100
543
Figure 19.13: Change in the observed brightness temperature between early morning values
(air temperature -2°C) and afternoon values (air temperature l(f'C) for forested snow-covered
and snow-free areas (Kurvonen and Hallikainen, 1995b).
19.4 References
Aschbacher J (1989) Land surface studies and atmospheric effects by satellite microwave
radiometry, Doctoral dissertation, University of Innsbruck
Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Campbell WJ Determination of sea ice parameters with Nimbus7 SMMR. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: 5355-5369
Chang ATC, Foster JL, Hall DK (1987) Nimbus 7 derived global snow cover parameters.
Annals of Glaciology 9: 39-44
Colbeck SC (1982) The geometry and permittivity of snow at high frequencies. Journal of
Applied Physics 53: 4495-4500
Comiso JC, Zwally HJ (1982) Antarctic sea ice concentrations inferred from Nimbus 5
ESMR and Landsat imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: 5836-5844
Comiso JC (1983) Sea ice effective microwave emissivities from satellite passive microwave
and infrared observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: 7686-7704
Comiso JC (1986) Characteristics of Arctic winter sea ice from satellite multispctral microwave
observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 975-994
Cunningham G, Kwok R, Holt B (1992) Preliminary results from the ASF IGPS ice classification algorithm, Proc. IEEE IGARSS'92 Symposium, pp. 573-575, Houston, TX, USA, May
26-29, 1992
Gloersen P, Campbell WJ, Cavalieri DJ, Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Zwally HJ
(1992) Arctic and Anarctic Sea ice, 1978-1987: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations,
NASA SP-511, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA
Gray AL, Hawkins RK, Livingstone CE , Arsenault LD (1981) Seasonal effects on
the microwave signatures of Beaufort Sea Ice, Proc. 15th International Symposium on Remote
Sensing of the Environment, pp. 239-257, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, May 11-15, 1981
~30'-------~====================~~----~ ~ I
No snow patches Snow patches Change of physical
5
__ ____ temperature
~ 25
CD
a.
E
CD
I(J)
::l 20
.5
.r;
Ol
~
'0 15
CD
Ol
c:
!II
.r;
Polarization: Vertical
Angle of Incidence: 45 deg
o 10L-------------L-------------L-____________ L-__________ ~
20
40
60
Frequency (GHz)
80
100
543
Figure 19.13: Change in the observed brightness temperature between early morning values
(air temperature -2°C) and afternoon values (air temperature l(f'C) for forested snow-covered
and snow-free areas (Kurvonen and Hallikainen, 1995b).
19.4 References
Aschbacher J (1989) Land surface studies and atmospheric effects by satellite microwave
radiometry, Doctoral dissertation, University of Innsbruck
Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Campbell WJ Determination of sea ice parameters with Nimbus7 SMMR. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: 5355-5369
Chang ATC, Foster JL, Hall DK (1987) Nimbus 7 derived global snow cover parameters.
Annals of Glaciology 9: 39-44
Colbeck SC (1982) The geometry and permittivity of snow at high frequencies. Journal of
Applied Physics 53: 4495-4500
Comiso JC, Zwally HJ (1982) Antarctic sea ice concentrations inferred from Nimbus 5
ESMR and Landsat imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: 5836-5844
Comiso JC (1983) Sea ice effective microwave emissivities from satellite passive microwave
and infrared observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: 7686-7704
Comiso JC (1986) Characteristics of Arctic winter sea ice from satellite multispctral microwave
observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 975-994
Cunningham G, Kwok R, Holt B (1992) Preliminary results from the ASF IGPS ice classification algorithm, Proc. IEEE IGARSS'92 Symposium, pp. 573-575, Houston, TX, USA, May
26-29, 1992
Gloersen P, Campbell WJ, Cavalieri DJ, Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Zwally HJ
(1992) Arctic and Anarctic Sea ice, 1978-1987: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations,
NASA SP-511, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA
Gray AL, Hawkins RK, Livingstone CE , Arsenault LD (1981) Seasonal effects on
the microwave signatures of Beaufort Sea Ice, Proc. 15th International Symposium on Remote
Sensing of the Environment, pp. 239-257, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, May 11-15, 1981