444
10'"
10-3
10-2
§:
N
10-1
~
AT> 0
18.6 18.8 19.0 18.6 18.8
T roC]
P. S chi iissel
19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6
T roC]
Figure 16.3: Schematic presentation of possible temperature profiles in the upper ocean: cool
skin (left) and diurnal thermocline with cool skin on top of it (right).
are conducted in order to relate the satellite-measured skin temperatures to bulk temperatures
as desired for the use in ocean models and for the interpretation of the satelite measurements
in conjunction with past records of in-situ measurements of sea surface temperature (Robinson
et al., 1984; Schliissel et al., 1990).
A time series over two days showing the variability of hourly mean bulk versus skin temperature differences b.T is shown in figure 16.4 together with surface heat and radiative fluxes
as measured during the TOGA Coupled Ocean Atmophere Response Experiment (COARE) in
the western equatorial Pacific in February 1993. Two time series referring to bulk temperatures at 0.1 m and 4 m are shown elucidating the high variablitity of b.T under the influence
of energy and momentum fluxes. In spite of the high solar net flux exceeding 1000 W 1m 2 at
the beginning of the second day the skin temperature as well as the bulk temperature show
a pronounced diurnal cycle. At a depth of 0.1 m the cycle is delayed by about three to four
hours. During the first day the clouds cover all tropospheric levels beginning with four to six
oktas cumulus humilis and cumulus mediocris accompanied by cirrus clouds. The wind speed
is close to 7 mls causing a good mixing of the water which leads to b.T values beginning
near 0.2 K and increase with decreasing cloud amount and decreasing wind speed to about
0.5 K at the end of the night. The heat fluxes are between -200 and -300 W 1m 2 during the
first night. During the following morning the formation of cumulus begins and near the end
of 3 February also altocumulus and opaque cirrus generated by high reaching cumulonimbus
are present. Together with increasing solar irradiances b.T reaches values near -0.1 K. Low
10'"
10-3
10-2
§:
N
10-1
~
AT> 0
18.6 18.8 19.0 18.6 18.8
T roC]
P. S chi iissel
19.0 19.2 19.4 19.6
T roC]
Figure 16.3: Schematic presentation of possible temperature profiles in the upper ocean: cool
skin (left) and diurnal thermocline with cool skin on top of it (right).
are conducted in order to relate the satellite-measured skin temperatures to bulk temperatures
as desired for the use in ocean models and for the interpretation of the satelite measurements
in conjunction with past records of in-situ measurements of sea surface temperature (Robinson
et al., 1984; Schliissel et al., 1990).
A time series over two days showing the variability of hourly mean bulk versus skin temperature differences b.T is shown in figure 16.4 together with surface heat and radiative fluxes
as measured during the TOGA Coupled Ocean Atmophere Response Experiment (COARE) in
the western equatorial Pacific in February 1993. Two time series referring to bulk temperatures at 0.1 m and 4 m are shown elucidating the high variablitity of b.T under the influence
of energy and momentum fluxes. In spite of the high solar net flux exceeding 1000 W 1m 2 at
the beginning of the second day the skin temperature as well as the bulk temperature show
a pronounced diurnal cycle. At a depth of 0.1 m the cycle is delayed by about three to four
hours. During the first day the clouds cover all tropospheric levels beginning with four to six
oktas cumulus humilis and cumulus mediocris accompanied by cirrus clouds. The wind speed
is close to 7 mls causing a good mixing of the water which leads to b.T values beginning
near 0.2 K and increase with decreasing cloud amount and decreasing wind speed to about
0.5 K at the end of the night. The heat fluxes are between -200 and -300 W 1m 2 during the
first night. During the following morning the formation of cumulus begins and near the end
of 3 February also altocumulus and opaque cirrus generated by high reaching cumulonimbus
are present. Together with increasing solar irradiances b.T reaches values near -0.1 K. Low