5.1 Drivers (T
1
)
The theoretical model was developed based on standard driving forces which
influence the farmer’s decision. The main driving forces which influence the farmer
behaviors are environmental resources, socioeconomic resources, policies, and
national economy; these are responsible for making farmers insecure. These are
widely accepted from a global to a local scale (Lonergans et al. 2000; IPCC 2001).
5.2 Farmers’ Decision (T
2
)
Farmers’ decisions adjudicate for economic success as well as the ecological performance of the chosen management systems. The theory says that for landscape
management in the mountains of the Indian Himalayan region, farmers could
choose one or several criteria from different goals, such as from the economic goal
and/or ecological goal. The achievement of profitable economic goals, in general,
has found to be the priority of farmers decisions and this is one of the outcomes of
theoretical model development. In prevalence, the ecosystem analysis leads to
evaluation of the efficiency of the system in term of economic goals.
The decision-making behavior of farmers is centered on maximization of this
income from the existing resources available to his ease of access. Thus, the
investigations were made to judge the attitude of the farmer (Schnell et al. 1999;
Atteslander 2003; Pischke and Cashmore 2006) toward overall scenario changes
and development and how farmers assess the different conditions at the time, such
as the implementation of policies, socioeconomic change, population growth,
national economy, limitations for land use, resource, and infrastructure, for
example. Finally, we have noticed that among all the options, farmers always make
best use of only three to four potential options in viewpoint to multiply their
monetary output from the system.
5.3 Farmers’ Options to Sustain Their Livelihood (T
3 )
Farmers’ options vary from region to region, and hence there is a need to investigate all the associated practices/backgrounds which directly or indirectly influence
the farmers’ behaviors. Options comprehend the current/traditional practices as well
as new development tested by scientist. Accentuating this fact we have already
adopted the religious, cultural, and technical background of the people during the
empirical studies in our research area. Our empirical studies in the mountains of the
Himalayas helped us to segregate the farm management where farmers always
make experiments to maximize their income to secure returns, at least for next 2 to
3 years. The outcome of our empirical studies has categorized the landscape
610
S. Nautiyal et al.
1
)
The theoretical model was developed based on standard driving forces which
influence the farmer’s decision. The main driving forces which influence the farmer
behaviors are environmental resources, socioeconomic resources, policies, and
national economy; these are responsible for making farmers insecure. These are
widely accepted from a global to a local scale (Lonergans et al. 2000; IPCC 2001).
5.2 Farmers’ Decision (T
2
)
Farmers’ decisions adjudicate for economic success as well as the ecological performance of the chosen management systems. The theory says that for landscape
management in the mountains of the Indian Himalayan region, farmers could
choose one or several criteria from different goals, such as from the economic goal
and/or ecological goal. The achievement of profitable economic goals, in general,
has found to be the priority of farmers decisions and this is one of the outcomes of
theoretical model development. In prevalence, the ecosystem analysis leads to
evaluation of the efficiency of the system in term of economic goals.
The decision-making behavior of farmers is centered on maximization of this
income from the existing resources available to his ease of access. Thus, the
investigations were made to judge the attitude of the farmer (Schnell et al. 1999;
Atteslander 2003; Pischke and Cashmore 2006) toward overall scenario changes
and development and how farmers assess the different conditions at the time, such
as the implementation of policies, socioeconomic change, population growth,
national economy, limitations for land use, resource, and infrastructure, for
example. Finally, we have noticed that among all the options, farmers always make
best use of only three to four potential options in viewpoint to multiply their
monetary output from the system.
5.3 Farmers’ Options to Sustain Their Livelihood (T
3 )
Farmers’ options vary from region to region, and hence there is a need to investigate all the associated practices/backgrounds which directly or indirectly influence
the farmers’ behaviors. Options comprehend the current/traditional practices as well
as new development tested by scientist. Accentuating this fact we have already
adopted the religious, cultural, and technical background of the people during the
empirical studies in our research area. Our empirical studies in the mountains of the
Himalayas helped us to segregate the farm management where farmers always
make experiments to maximize their income to secure returns, at least for next 2 to
3 years. The outcome of our empirical studies has categorized the landscape
610
S. Nautiyal et al.