we are keen to extend this existing ESAM for India for the year 2006–07 by
incorporating local air pollutants along with global pollutants.
Apart from that extension of existing ESAM for India for the year 2006–07, our
next objective in this study is to provide an analytical application of ESAM in the
context of policy analysis. Here we have focused on pollution income multiplier
effect to understand the impact of change in socio-economic status of the households into the environmental pollution. Hence, this study makes a significant
contribution from the accounting as well as analytical point of view for the policymakers as well as the academicians across the globe.
Following this introductory section the rest of the paper is organised as follows:
Sect. 2 describes the methodology and data sources to construct ESAM for India.
Section 3 deals with ESAM multiplier analysis and Sect. 4 brings forth some policy
implications. Finally, the last section deals with some concluding remarks of this
study.
2 Method of Extending ESAM
2.1 Estimation of Environmental Data
As described earlier our purpose in this study is to extend the existing ESAM for
India for the year 2006–07. In this context the sect oral description and schematic
structure of this ESAM are given in Appendix 1 and 2, respectively. However, the
type of pollutants we have taken into account in our proposed extension of ESAM
can be classified into two parts, viz. global pollutants which cause global warming
or climate change, and local pollutants which cause damages in air quality of a
particular region. Among all the global pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrus
oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) are crucial and they are together called green house
gases (GHGs). On the other hand, the suspended particulate matter (SPM), nitrogen
dioxide (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) are major air
pollutants causing damage to the regional air quality in India. As the existing
ESAM has already taken into account GHG emissions our task here is to construct
rows and column local air pollutants for our proposed ESAM for the year 2006–07.
Now this is a well-documented fact that the energy consumption is key for the
air pollution in India (INCCA-MoEF 2010). Therefore, we have decided to estimate
energy-based emission data for India for the year 2006–07. Now these estimations
of energy-based emissions of our selected pollutants are based on default
energy-specific emission factors published in IPCC guideline (IPCC 2006).
According to Keuning (1992), the air pollutants are mainly originated from the
domestic production, from the import and from consumption activities. But in case
of India the data on substances through the import and consumption is not available.
So we have taken only the production-based supply of these damaging substances
in India. Again it has been observed that the substances generated from the
206
B.D. Pal
incorporating local air pollutants along with global pollutants.
Apart from that extension of existing ESAM for India for the year 2006–07, our
next objective in this study is to provide an analytical application of ESAM in the
context of policy analysis. Here we have focused on pollution income multiplier
effect to understand the impact of change in socio-economic status of the households into the environmental pollution. Hence, this study makes a significant
contribution from the accounting as well as analytical point of view for the policymakers as well as the academicians across the globe.
Following this introductory section the rest of the paper is organised as follows:
Sect. 2 describes the methodology and data sources to construct ESAM for India.
Section 3 deals with ESAM multiplier analysis and Sect. 4 brings forth some policy
implications. Finally, the last section deals with some concluding remarks of this
study.
2 Method of Extending ESAM
2.1 Estimation of Environmental Data
As described earlier our purpose in this study is to extend the existing ESAM for
India for the year 2006–07. In this context the sect oral description and schematic
structure of this ESAM are given in Appendix 1 and 2, respectively. However, the
type of pollutants we have taken into account in our proposed extension of ESAM
can be classified into two parts, viz. global pollutants which cause global warming
or climate change, and local pollutants which cause damages in air quality of a
particular region. Among all the global pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrus
oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) are crucial and they are together called green house
gases (GHGs). On the other hand, the suspended particulate matter (SPM), nitrogen
dioxide (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) are major air
pollutants causing damage to the regional air quality in India. As the existing
ESAM has already taken into account GHG emissions our task here is to construct
rows and column local air pollutants for our proposed ESAM for the year 2006–07.
Now this is a well-documented fact that the energy consumption is key for the
air pollution in India (INCCA-MoEF 2010). Therefore, we have decided to estimate
energy-based emission data for India for the year 2006–07. Now these estimations
of energy-based emissions of our selected pollutants are based on default
energy-specific emission factors published in IPCC guideline (IPCC 2006).
According to Keuning (1992), the air pollutants are mainly originated from the
domestic production, from the import and from consumption activities. But in case
of India the data on substances through the import and consumption is not available.
So we have taken only the production-based supply of these damaging substances
in India. Again it has been observed that the substances generated from the
206
B.D. Pal