314
A. di Sarra, M. Cacciani, 1. DeLuisi, L. De Silvestri, T. Di Iorio, G. Fiocco, P. Grigioni
the presence of the desert dust. It must be noted that aerosol optical depths as large
as 1 have been measured at Lampedusa (di Sarra et aI., 2001b), and comparatively
larger forcing may occur.
The net surface heat flux of the Mediterranean is calculated as the difference
between the absorbed solar radiation Qs and the sum of the emitted longwave
radiation, the latent and the sensible heat fluxes. The largest term is given by Qs
(about 200 W/m 2 as long-term average) and the net flux is of the order of 20 W/m2
or less. As pointed out by Gilman and Garrett (1994), desert dust largely influences
the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the sea surface in the Mediterranean, and
may substantially affect the estimates of the heat balance of the basin.
Acknowledgments
The observations at the station of Lampedusa are supported by the Italian Space
Agency, the Ministry for Environment, the Ministry for Scientific and Technological
Research of Italy, and by the European Union. Contributions by P. Chamard and F.
Monteleone are acknowledged.
References
Dai A, Trenberth KE, Karl TR (1998) Global variations in droughts and wet spells:
1990-1995, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3367-3370
di Sarra A, Di Iorio T,Cacciani M, Fiocco G, Fua D (2001a) Saharan dust profiles
measured by lidar from Lampedusa, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,335-10,347
di Sarra A, Cacciani M, Chamard P, Cornwall C, DeLuisi JJ, Disterhoft P, Di Iorio
T, Fiocco G, Fua D, MonteleoneF (200Ib) Effects of desert dust and ozone on
the ultraviolet irradiance: observations at Lampedusa during PAUR II, 1.
Geophys. Res., in press
Dubief 1 (1979) Review of the North African climate with particular emphasis on
the production of eolian dust in the Sahel zone and in the Sahara. In: Morales
C, Ed. (1979) Saharan Dust, 27-60, Wiley and Sons
Gillette DA, Blifford IH, Fryrear DW (1974) The influence of wind velocity on the
size distributions of aerosols generated by the wind erosion of soils. J. Geophys.
Res., 79, 4068-4075
Gilman C, Garrett C (1994) Heat flux parameterizations for the Mediterranean sea:
The role of atmospheric aerosols and constraints from the water budget. 1.
Geophys. Res., 99, 5119-5134
Goudie AS (1983) Dust storms in space and time. Progr. Phys. Geog., 7, 502-530
Kubilay N, Saydam AC (1995) Trace elements in atmospheric particulates over the
eastern Mediterranean: Concentration, sources, and temporal variability. Atmos.
Environ., 29, 2289-2300
Levin Z, Ganor E, Gladstein V (1996) The effects of desert particles coated with
A. di Sarra, M. Cacciani, 1. DeLuisi, L. De Silvestri, T. Di Iorio, G. Fiocco, P. Grigioni
the presence of the desert dust. It must be noted that aerosol optical depths as large
as 1 have been measured at Lampedusa (di Sarra et aI., 2001b), and comparatively
larger forcing may occur.
The net surface heat flux of the Mediterranean is calculated as the difference
between the absorbed solar radiation Qs and the sum of the emitted longwave
radiation, the latent and the sensible heat fluxes. The largest term is given by Qs
(about 200 W/m 2 as long-term average) and the net flux is of the order of 20 W/m2
or less. As pointed out by Gilman and Garrett (1994), desert dust largely influences
the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the sea surface in the Mediterranean, and
may substantially affect the estimates of the heat balance of the basin.
Acknowledgments
The observations at the station of Lampedusa are supported by the Italian Space
Agency, the Ministry for Environment, the Ministry for Scientific and Technological
Research of Italy, and by the European Union. Contributions by P. Chamard and F.
Monteleone are acknowledged.
References
Dai A, Trenberth KE, Karl TR (1998) Global variations in droughts and wet spells:
1990-1995, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3367-3370
di Sarra A, Di Iorio T,Cacciani M, Fiocco G, Fua D (2001a) Saharan dust profiles
measured by lidar from Lampedusa, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,335-10,347
di Sarra A, Cacciani M, Chamard P, Cornwall C, DeLuisi JJ, Disterhoft P, Di Iorio
T, Fiocco G, Fua D, MonteleoneF (200Ib) Effects of desert dust and ozone on
the ultraviolet irradiance: observations at Lampedusa during PAUR II, 1.
Geophys. Res., in press
Dubief 1 (1979) Review of the North African climate with particular emphasis on
the production of eolian dust in the Sahel zone and in the Sahara. In: Morales
C, Ed. (1979) Saharan Dust, 27-60, Wiley and Sons
Gillette DA, Blifford IH, Fryrear DW (1974) The influence of wind velocity on the
size distributions of aerosols generated by the wind erosion of soils. J. Geophys.
Res., 79, 4068-4075
Gilman C, Garrett C (1994) Heat flux parameterizations for the Mediterranean sea:
The role of atmospheric aerosols and constraints from the water budget. 1.
Geophys. Res., 99, 5119-5134
Goudie AS (1983) Dust storms in space and time. Progr. Phys. Geog., 7, 502-530
Kubilay N, Saydam AC (1995) Trace elements in atmospheric particulates over the
eastern Mediterranean: Concentration, sources, and temporal variability. Atmos.
Environ., 29, 2289-2300
Levin Z, Ganor E, Gladstein V (1996) The effects of desert particles coated with