Bastiaan Knoppers . Bjorn Kjerfve
Salinity
1991
1 1992
80 ,-------------------~--A~R~A-,
60
. _ . _ . _ . - . _ . _ .
•
40
- - . - -
20
o ~A~-r7r-r~A~~O~or.D~-r~F~
40
30
20
10
o
1988
1
1989
FOR
1 _·
.-•.• -.
• '.,. • .• ~.'...
\ J
\(
..
A
0
D
F
A
1991
1992
40 . -___ 19_8_9 __ ..1...-1 _ _ _ _ _ 1--:9:::90:--0
PIR
30
20
10
•••
,~ ..... \
• •
.-...
.....
. -..
. ..
o ~A~-rO::-r--r-=D.,..--r-::F:-r--.-A:-r--r-:-r......J
Months
1988
1989
40 ,---~-~-----~U-=RU~
30
20
10
/ •.•.• _..
• ••••.•.• ,
....... .o ~ALr-r~O~~D~-r~F.-,-A:-r--r~J~
40 ,_--19-8-5---'1-----1-9-86~
GUA
30
20 .-.
~.,.. --................ .. -... .
10
o ~A:-r-rO::-r--r-=D.,..-,..-;F:-r-,....A7T""-r7r-'
40
30
20
10
o
40
30
20
10
o
40
1990
1
1991
MAR
~ .. -.-.-.-.-.-.
A
0
D
F
A
1983
I
1984
CON
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-... -.-.
A
0
D
F
A
J
1989
I 1990
. . PAE
30
r.
• \
~-.: ./~
. .. ~ .
20
• AI \ • • flJ../\
/~.. ~.
10
. . . . . . . . , . .
fI'
....
o A
A
0
D
F
Months
Fig. 3.8. Seasonal distribution of salinity in Araruama L. (ARA), Urussanga L. (URU), Flora L. (FOR),
Guarapina L. (GUA), Barra L. (BAR), Marica L. (MAR), Piratininga L. (PIR), Concei~ao L. (CON),
Cananeia L. (CAN), and the estuary of Patos L. (PAE)
3.8
Flushing Time
A useful measure of the state of lagoons is a parameterized water renewal time (Zimmerman 1981; Dronkers and Zimmerman 1982; Merino et al. 1990; Knoppers et al. 1991;
Salinity
1991
1 1992
80 ,-------------------~--A~R~A-,
60
. _ . _ . _ . - . _ . _ .
•
40
- - . - -
20
o ~A~-r7r-r~A~~O~or.D~-r~F~
40
30
20
10
o
1988
1
1989
FOR
1 _·
.-•.• -.
• '.,. • .• ~.'...
\ J
\(
..
A
0
D
F
A
1991
1992
40 . -___ 19_8_9 __ ..1...-1 _ _ _ _ _ 1--:9:::90:--0
PIR
30
20
10
•••
,~ ..... \
• •
.-...
.....
. -..
. ..
o ~A~-rO::-r--r-=D.,..--r-::F:-r--.-A:-r--r-:-r......J
Months
1988
1989
40 ,---~-~-----~U-=RU~
30
20
10
/ •.•.• _..
• ••••.•.• ,
....... .o ~ALr-r~O~~D~-r~F.-,-A:-r--r~J~
40 ,_--19-8-5---'1-----1-9-86~
GUA
30
20 .-.
~.,.. --................ .. -... .
10
o ~A:-r-rO::-r--r-=D.,..-,..-;F:-r-,....A7T""-r7r-'
40
30
20
10
o
40
30
20
10
o
40
1990
1
1991
MAR
~ .. -.-.-.-.-.-.
A
0
D
F
A
1983
I
1984
CON
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-... -.-.
A
0
D
F
A
J
1989
I 1990
. . PAE
30
r.
• \
~-.: ./~
. .. ~ .
20
• AI \ • • flJ../\
/~.. ~.
10
. . . . . . . . , . .
fI'
....
o A
A
0
D
F
Months
Fig. 3.8. Seasonal distribution of salinity in Araruama L. (ARA), Urussanga L. (URU), Flora L. (FOR),
Guarapina L. (GUA), Barra L. (BAR), Marica L. (MAR), Piratininga L. (PIR), Concei~ao L. (CON),
Cananeia L. (CAN), and the estuary of Patos L. (PAE)
3.8
Flushing Time
A useful measure of the state of lagoons is a parameterized water renewal time (Zimmerman 1981; Dronkers and Zimmerman 1982; Merino et al. 1990; Knoppers et al. 1991;