VIII
Contents
2 Substituted Systems
75
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.6.1
2.2.6.2
2.2.7
2.2.7.1
2.2.7.2
2.2.7.3
2.2.7.4
2.2.7.5
2.2.7.6
2.2.7.7
Preliminary General Remarks. . . . . . . . .
75
Nomenclature Types for Substituted Systems
76
Substitutive Nomenclature . . . . . . . . .
76
Functional Class Names
(Formerly: Radiofunctional Nomenclature)
84
Additive Nomenclature
85
Subtractive Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . .
88
Conjunctive Nomenclature . . . . . . . . .
91
Naming of Substituted Assemblies of Identical Units.
92
Components with direct Linkage . . . . . . . . . .
93
Identical Components Bound to Di- or Polyvalent
Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Naming of Radical and Ionic Species
96
Free Radicals . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
Cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
Radical Cations (Cation Radicals)
104
Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
Radical Anions (Anion Radicals) .
107
Compounds with Two (are More)
Identically Charged Centers . . . .
108
Compounds with Positively and Negatively Charged
Centers (Zwitterions) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
3 Brief Demonstration of the General Nomenclature Rules
for the Most Important Traditional Compound Classes
(Functional Parents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
3.1
Carboxylic Acids, Sulfonic Acids etc.
and their Derivatives . . . . . . . . .
112
3.2
Nitriles, Isocyanates, and Similar Compounds
119
3.3
Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . .
120
3.4
Alcohols, Phenols, and their Derivatives
126
3.5
Ethers and Thioethers . . . . . . . . .
130
3.6
Amines, Imines, and their Derivatives
133
3.7
Halogen Derivatives . . . . . . . .
137
3.8
Compounds with Nitrogen Chains
138
3.8.1
Azo- and Azoxy Compounds ...
138
3.9
Hydrazines and their Derivatives .
141
3.10
Diazo- and Diazonium Compounds
142
3.11
Compounds with Chains of Three or More Nitrogen
Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
3.12
Other Polynitrogen Parent Systems . . . . . . . . . .
144