Quantitative Aspects of Analytical Chemistry
Objectives
• To describe the essential aspects of quantitation processes in Analytical Chemistry.
• To characterize the quantitative response and its forms of expression.
• To discuss the different choices available for calibration in Quantitative Analysis
and their associated standards.
• To describe classical and instrumental analytical techniques for primarily quantitative purposes.
• To define and exemplify methodological approaches to analytical quantitation.
Table of Contents
6.1
Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 248
6.1.2 Analytical Properties ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . 249
6.1.3 Equipment and Method Calibration . . . .. . .. . . . . ... . . . .. . 249
6.1.4 Classical and Instrumental Quantitative Analysis ... . .. . .. .... . 250
6.1.5 Quantitation Methodologies . .. . .. . .... .. .. ... . .. .... 252
6.1.6 Expressing Quantitative Results . . ... . . ... .. . .. . . . . . ... 253
6.2
Calculable Quantitation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 256
6.2.1 Absolute Methods InvolVing no Analytical Standard . .... .. ..... 257
6.2.1 .1 Gravimetry . . . . ... .. .. . .. .. . ... .. . .. . . .. 259
6.2.1.2 Coulometry ... . ................. . . .. . . . . 262
6.2.2 Absolute Methods Involving Analytical Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263
6.2.2.1 Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263
6.2.2.2 Titrimetry ..................... . . . . . .. . . 264
6.3
Relative Quantitation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
6.3.1 Interpolation and Extrapolation Methods . .. . .. . .. . ..... . .. 271
6.3.2 Comparative Methods . ........ . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . 275
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 276
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 281
Objectives
• To describe the essential aspects of quantitation processes in Analytical Chemistry.
• To characterize the quantitative response and its forms of expression.
• To discuss the different choices available for calibration in Quantitative Analysis
and their associated standards.
• To describe classical and instrumental analytical techniques for primarily quantitative purposes.
• To define and exemplify methodological approaches to analytical quantitation.
Table of Contents
6.1
Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 248
6.1.2 Analytical Properties ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . 249
6.1.3 Equipment and Method Calibration . . . .. . .. . . . . ... . . . .. . 249
6.1.4 Classical and Instrumental Quantitative Analysis ... . .. . .. .... . 250
6.1.5 Quantitation Methodologies . .. . .. . .... .. .. ... . .. .... 252
6.1.6 Expressing Quantitative Results . . ... . . ... .. . .. . . . . . ... 253
6.2
Calculable Quantitation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 256
6.2.1 Absolute Methods InvolVing no Analytical Standard . .... .. ..... 257
6.2.1 .1 Gravimetry . . . . ... .. .. . .. .. . ... .. . .. . . .. 259
6.2.1.2 Coulometry ... . ................. . . .. . . . . 262
6.2.2 Absolute Methods Involving Analytical Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263
6.2.2.1 Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263
6.2.2.2 Titrimetry ..................... . . . . . .. . . 264
6.3
Relative Quantitation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
6.3.1 Interpolation and Extrapolation Methods . .. . .. . .. . ..... . .. 271
6.3.2 Comparative Methods . ........ . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . 275
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 276
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 281