5.6 Instrumental Qualitative Analysis
229
the identification of organic analytes rely largely on separations by distillation
(with or without steam) or liquid-liquid extraction - a few use precipitationfiltration. As a rule, they are based on polarity differences among the analytes.
Species are grouped by their acid, basic, neutral or amphoteric character, and
occasionally further split according to additional criteria. Boxes 5.13 and 5.14
show two separation schemes for samples of organic substances that are soluble
and insoluble, respectively, in water. The analytes in each group are subjected to
the required identification tests.
5.6 Instrumental Qualitative Analysis
5.6.1 General Notions
In Instrumental Qualitative Analysis, physico-chemical properties of the analyte
or its reaction product are converted into signals that can be measured by
optical, electro analytical, thermal, magnetic or radiochemical instruments with
Examples
- Balance
- Piezoelectric sensors
- UV-visible molecular absorption spectroscopy
- Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy
- (Gas, liquid) column chromatography
- Capillary elewophoresis
- Atomic absorption and emission spectroscopies
- FTIR spectroscopy
- Mass spectrometry
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
I
GClMS
- Hyphenated LCIMS
- Joint use of IR and mass spectrometry
- Triple instrumental combination (GC-FTIR·MS)
LEVEl OF RELIABLE INFORMATION
FOR IDENTIFICATION
Fig. 5.11. General classification of instruments according to reliability in their response for
use in Qualitative Analysis. Three different types of instruments, and the role of separation
techniques in this context, are considered. For details, see text
229
the identification of organic analytes rely largely on separations by distillation
(with or without steam) or liquid-liquid extraction - a few use precipitationfiltration. As a rule, they are based on polarity differences among the analytes.
Species are grouped by their acid, basic, neutral or amphoteric character, and
occasionally further split according to additional criteria. Boxes 5.13 and 5.14
show two separation schemes for samples of organic substances that are soluble
and insoluble, respectively, in water. The analytes in each group are subjected to
the required identification tests.
5.6 Instrumental Qualitative Analysis
5.6.1 General Notions
In Instrumental Qualitative Analysis, physico-chemical properties of the analyte
or its reaction product are converted into signals that can be measured by
optical, electro analytical, thermal, magnetic or radiochemical instruments with
Examples
- Balance
- Piezoelectric sensors
- UV-visible molecular absorption spectroscopy
- Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy
- (Gas, liquid) column chromatography
- Capillary elewophoresis
- Atomic absorption and emission spectroscopies
- FTIR spectroscopy
- Mass spectrometry
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
I
GClMS
- Hyphenated LCIMS
- Joint use of IR and mass spectrometry
- Triple instrumental combination (GC-FTIR·MS)
LEVEl OF RELIABLE INFORMATION
FOR IDENTIFICATION
Fig. 5.11. General classification of instruments according to reliability in their response for
use in Qualitative Analysis. Three different types of instruments, and the role of separation
techniques in this context, are considered. For details, see text