The Measurement Process in Chemistry
Objectives
• To introduce the general procedural landmarks required for the reliable
measurement of chemical parameters and delivery of results.
• To define the general features of analytical processes conducted inside and
outside the laboratory.
• To provide a global description of the preliminary operations of the analytical
process and underscore their significance.
• To provide a global description of measurement and transducing of the analytical signal, and of acquisition and processing of analytical data.
• To illustrate the process by which analytical results are obtained via suitable
examples.
Table of Contents
4.1
Definition of Chemical Measurement Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Annex I
Annex II
Annex III
Annex IV
AnnexV
AnnexVI
General Steps of a Chemical Measurement Process . . . . .. . .... . .. . . . 147
Preliminary Operations . . . .. . . ... . . .. . . . . .... .. .. . .. . .. 149
4.3.1 General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.3.2 Sub-steps . .... . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. 154
4.3.3 Sampling.. .. . ... .. ...... .. . .. .. . ..... . ... . . . 155
4.3.4 Sample Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Measurement and Transducing of the Analytical Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Signal Acquisition and Data Processing . . . . . .... . . . ... .. . ... . . 171
Validation of a Chemical Measurement Process .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . 173
Salient CurrentTrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
189
190
192
Questions . .. ..... . . . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . ... 194
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199
Objectives
• To introduce the general procedural landmarks required for the reliable
measurement of chemical parameters and delivery of results.
• To define the general features of analytical processes conducted inside and
outside the laboratory.
• To provide a global description of the preliminary operations of the analytical
process and underscore their significance.
• To provide a global description of measurement and transducing of the analytical signal, and of acquisition and processing of analytical data.
• To illustrate the process by which analytical results are obtained via suitable
examples.
Table of Contents
4.1
Definition of Chemical Measurement Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Annex I
Annex II
Annex III
Annex IV
AnnexV
AnnexVI
General Steps of a Chemical Measurement Process . . . . .. . .... . .. . . . 147
Preliminary Operations . . . .. . . ... . . .. . . . . .... .. .. . .. . .. 149
4.3.1 General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.3.2 Sub-steps . .... . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. 154
4.3.3 Sampling.. .. . ... .. ...... .. . .. .. . ..... . ... . . . 155
4.3.4 Sample Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Measurement and Transducing of the Analytical Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Signal Acquisition and Data Processing . . . . . .... . . . ... .. . ... . . 171
Validation of a Chemical Measurement Process .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . 173
Salient CurrentTrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
189
190
192
Questions . .. ..... . . . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . ... 194
Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199