Nucleophilic Carbenes as Organocatalysts
179
Dudding T, Houk KN (2004) Computational predictions of stereochemistry in
asymmetric thiazolium- and triazolium-catalyzed benzoin condensations.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5770–5775
Enders D, Balensiefer T (2004) Nucleophilic carbenes in asymmetric organocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 37:534–541
Enders D, Kallfass U (2002) An efficient nucleophilic carbene catalyst for the
asymmetric benzoin condensation. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:1743–1745
Enders D, Niemeier O (2004) Thiazol-2-ylidene catalysis in intramolecular
crossed aldehyde-ketone benzoin reactions. Synlett 2004:2111–2114
Enders D, Niemeier O, Balensiefer T (2006) Asymmetric intramolecular
crossed-benzoin reactions by N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis. Angew
Chem Int Ed 45:1463–1467
Fischer C, Smith SW, Powell DA, Fu GC (2006) Umpolung of Michael acceptors catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 128:1472–4173
Glorius F (2007) (ed) N-Heterocyclic carbenes in transition metal catalysis.
(Topics in Organometalic Chemistry, vol 28) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
New York
Glorius F, Altenhoff G, Goddard R, Lehmann C (2002) Oxazolines as chiral
building blocks for imidazolium salts and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.
Chem Comm 2002:2704–2705
Hachisu Y, Bode JW, Suzuki K (2003) Catalytic intramolecular crossed aldehyde-ketone benzoin reactions: a novel synthesis of functionalized preanthraquinones. J Am Chem Soc 125:8432–8433
Hachisu Y, Bode JW, Suzuki K (2004) Thiazolium ylide-catalyzed intramolecular aldehyde-ketone benzoin-forming reactions: substrate scope. Adv Synth
Catal 346:1097–1100
He M, Bode JW (2005) Catalytic synthesis of γ-lactams via direct annulations
of enals and N-sulfonylimines. Org Lett 7:3131–3134
He M, Struble JR, Bode JW (2006) Highly enantioselective azadiene Diels–
Alder reactions catalyzed by chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes. J Am Chem
Soc 128:8418–8420
Herrmann WA (2002) N-Heterocyclic carbenes: a new concept in organometallic catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:1290–1309
Herrmann WA, Elison M, Fischer J, Köcher C, Artus GRJ (1995) Metal complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes—a new structural principle for catalysts
in homogeneous catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 34:2371–2374
Herrmann WA, Köcher C (1997) N-Heterocyclic carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed
36:2162–2187
Hillier AC, Grasa GA, Viciu MS, Lee HM, Yang CL, Nolan SP (2002) Catalytic
cross-coupling reactions mediated by palladium/nucleophilic carbene systems. J Organomet Chem 653:69–82
179
Dudding T, Houk KN (2004) Computational predictions of stereochemistry in
asymmetric thiazolium- and triazolium-catalyzed benzoin condensations.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5770–5775
Enders D, Balensiefer T (2004) Nucleophilic carbenes in asymmetric organocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 37:534–541
Enders D, Kallfass U (2002) An efficient nucleophilic carbene catalyst for the
asymmetric benzoin condensation. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:1743–1745
Enders D, Niemeier O (2004) Thiazol-2-ylidene catalysis in intramolecular
crossed aldehyde-ketone benzoin reactions. Synlett 2004:2111–2114
Enders D, Niemeier O, Balensiefer T (2006) Asymmetric intramolecular
crossed-benzoin reactions by N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis. Angew
Chem Int Ed 45:1463–1467
Fischer C, Smith SW, Powell DA, Fu GC (2006) Umpolung of Michael acceptors catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 128:1472–4173
Glorius F (2007) (ed) N-Heterocyclic carbenes in transition metal catalysis.
(Topics in Organometalic Chemistry, vol 28) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
New York
Glorius F, Altenhoff G, Goddard R, Lehmann C (2002) Oxazolines as chiral
building blocks for imidazolium salts and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.
Chem Comm 2002:2704–2705
Hachisu Y, Bode JW, Suzuki K (2003) Catalytic intramolecular crossed aldehyde-ketone benzoin reactions: a novel synthesis of functionalized preanthraquinones. J Am Chem Soc 125:8432–8433
Hachisu Y, Bode JW, Suzuki K (2004) Thiazolium ylide-catalyzed intramolecular aldehyde-ketone benzoin-forming reactions: substrate scope. Adv Synth
Catal 346:1097–1100
He M, Bode JW (2005) Catalytic synthesis of γ-lactams via direct annulations
of enals and N-sulfonylimines. Org Lett 7:3131–3134
He M, Struble JR, Bode JW (2006) Highly enantioselective azadiene Diels–
Alder reactions catalyzed by chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes. J Am Chem
Soc 128:8418–8420
Herrmann WA (2002) N-Heterocyclic carbenes: a new concept in organometallic catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:1290–1309
Herrmann WA, Elison M, Fischer J, Köcher C, Artus GRJ (1995) Metal complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes—a new structural principle for catalysts
in homogeneous catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 34:2371–2374
Herrmann WA, Köcher C (1997) N-Heterocyclic carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed
36:2162–2187
Hillier AC, Grasa GA, Viciu MS, Lee HM, Yang CL, Nolan SP (2002) Catalytic
cross-coupling reactions mediated by palladium/nucleophilic carbene systems. J Organomet Chem 653:69–82