VIII
Contents
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the pH of Sea Water
(Millero 1979, 1995) .............................................................. 40
References for Appendix ........................................................ 41
2
Marine Organic Geochemistry: A General Overview ........................... 43
2.1
Introduction .............................................................................. 43
2.1.1
Organic Carbon Cycle ........................................................... 44
2.1.2 Nitrogen Cycle .................................................................... 46
2.2 Molecular Constituents of Organic Matter in the Ocean .......................... 49
2.2.1 Lipids ............................................................................... 49
2.2.2 Amino Acids and Proteins ...................................................... 55
2.2.3 Carbohydrates .................................................................... 61
2.2.4 Lignin and Other CuO-Oxidation Products ................................. 62
2.2.5 Uncharacterized Organic Material ............................................ 67
2.2.6 Dissolved Organic Matter ....................................................... 69
Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 69
References ................................................................................. 69
3
Photooxidation of Dissolved Organic Matter: Role for
Carbon Bioavailability and for the Penetration Depth
of Solar UV-Radiation ................................................................. 75
3.1
Introduction .............................................................................. 75
3.2 Absorption of Sunlight by CDaM ..................................................... 77
3-3 Photooxidation of CDaM: Role for Carbon Bioavailability ....................... 78
3.4 Experimental Study on the Roles of Iron in CDaM Oxidation in
Irradiated Aqueous Systems (Voelker et al. 1997) ................................... 80
3.4.1 Photooxidation of SRFA by Fe(III) ............................................ 81
3.5 Roles of Ligands in the Redox-Cycling of Iron in the Euphotic Zone
of Surface Waters ......................................................................... 83
3.5.1 Roles of Ligands in the Oxidation of lron(II) in the Euphotic
Zone of Surface Waters ......................................................... 84
3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................... 86
References ................................................................................. 87
4
Redox Processes in Anoxic Waters .................................................. 91
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 91
4.2 Cariaco Trench ............................................................................ 94
4.3 Framvaren Fjord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101
4.4 The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters ................ 112
References ............................................................................... 122
Part II Organic Matter in Marine Environments ..................................... 125
5
Organic Matter Preservation in the Ocean:
Lipid Behavior from Plankton to Sediments .... ............................... 127
5-1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
5.2 Lipids as Tracers of Organic Carbon ................................................ 128
Contents
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the pH of Sea Water
(Millero 1979, 1995) .............................................................. 40
References for Appendix ........................................................ 41
2
Marine Organic Geochemistry: A General Overview ........................... 43
2.1
Introduction .............................................................................. 43
2.1.1
Organic Carbon Cycle ........................................................... 44
2.1.2 Nitrogen Cycle .................................................................... 46
2.2 Molecular Constituents of Organic Matter in the Ocean .......................... 49
2.2.1 Lipids ............................................................................... 49
2.2.2 Amino Acids and Proteins ...................................................... 55
2.2.3 Carbohydrates .................................................................... 61
2.2.4 Lignin and Other CuO-Oxidation Products ................................. 62
2.2.5 Uncharacterized Organic Material ............................................ 67
2.2.6 Dissolved Organic Matter ....................................................... 69
Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 69
References ................................................................................. 69
3
Photooxidation of Dissolved Organic Matter: Role for
Carbon Bioavailability and for the Penetration Depth
of Solar UV-Radiation ................................................................. 75
3.1
Introduction .............................................................................. 75
3.2 Absorption of Sunlight by CDaM ..................................................... 77
3-3 Photooxidation of CDaM: Role for Carbon Bioavailability ....................... 78
3.4 Experimental Study on the Roles of Iron in CDaM Oxidation in
Irradiated Aqueous Systems (Voelker et al. 1997) ................................... 80
3.4.1 Photooxidation of SRFA by Fe(III) ............................................ 81
3.5 Roles of Ligands in the Redox-Cycling of Iron in the Euphotic Zone
of Surface Waters ......................................................................... 83
3.5.1 Roles of Ligands in the Oxidation of lron(II) in the Euphotic
Zone of Surface Waters ......................................................... 84
3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................... 86
References ................................................................................. 87
4
Redox Processes in Anoxic Waters .................................................. 91
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 91
4.2 Cariaco Trench ............................................................................ 94
4.3 Framvaren Fjord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101
4.4 The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters ................ 112
References ............................................................................... 122
Part II Organic Matter in Marine Environments ..................................... 125
5
Organic Matter Preservation in the Ocean:
Lipid Behavior from Plankton to Sediments .... ............................... 127
5-1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
5.2 Lipids as Tracers of Organic Carbon ................................................ 128