CHAPTER 15 . Redox Processes of Chromium in 5ea Water
295
Pettine M, D'Ottone L, Campanella L, Millero FJ, Passino R (1998b) The reduction of chromium(VI)
by iron(II) in aqueous solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62(9):1509-1519
Rai D, Sass BM, Moore DA (1987) Chromium(III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium(III)
hydroxide. Inorg Chern 26:345-349
Rai D, Eary LE, Zachara TM (1989) Environmental chemistry of chromium. Sci Total Environ 86:15-23
Richard FC, Bourg ACM (1991) Aqueous geochemistry of chromium: A review. Wat Res 25(7):807-816
Riedel GF (1984) Influence of salinity and sulphate on the toxicity of chromium(VI) to the estuarine
diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. J Phycol 20:496-500
Riedel GF (1985) The relationship between chromium(VI) uptake, sulphate and chromium(VI) toxicity in the estuarine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Aquat ToxicoI7:191-204
Saleh FY, Parkerton TF, Lewis RV, Huang JH and Dickson KL (1989) Kinetics of chromium transformations in the environment. Sci Total Environ 86:25-41
Sass BM, Rai D (1987) Solubility of amorphous chromium(III)-iron(III) hydroxide solid solutions.
Inorg Chern 26:2228-2232
Schroeder DC, Lee GF (1975) Potential transformations of chromium in natural waters. Wat Air Soil
Pollut 4:355-365
Sedlak D, Chan PG (1997) Reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] by ferrous iron [Fe(II)].
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:2185-2192
Shen-Yang T, Ke-An L (1986) The distribution of chromium(VI) species in solution as a function of
pH and concentration. Talanta 33:775-777
Turner DR, Whitfeld M, Dickson AG (1981) The equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in
fresh water and seawater at 25°C and 1 atm pressure. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:855-881
Van Der Weijden CH, Reith M (1982) Chromium(III)-chromium(VI) interconversions in seawater. Mar
Chern 11:565-572
Voelker BM, Morel FMM, Sulzberger B (1997) Iron redox cycling in surface waters: Effect of humic
substances and light. Environ Sci Technol 31:1004-1011
Wang WX, Griscom SB, Fischer NS (1997) Bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to marine mussels from
solute and particulate pathways. Environ Sci Technol 31:603-611
Wittbrodt PR, Palmer CD (1995) Reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of excess soil fulvic acid. Environ
Sci Technol 29:255-263
Zachara JM, Girvin DC, Schmidt RL, Resch CT (1987) Chromate adsorption on amorphous iron
oxyhydroxide in the presence of major ground-water ions. Environ Sci Technol 21:589-594
Zika RG, Moffett JW, Petasne RG, Copper WJ, Saltzman ES (1985) Spatial and temporal variations of
hydrogen peroxide in Gulf of Mexico water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:1173-1184
Appendix
Table 1S.A 1. Hydrolysis reactions
Hydrolysis reactions
logK
logK
Baes and Mesmer 1976
Rai et al. 1987
1=0.00 M
1=0.75 M a
1=0.00 M
1=0.75 Mb
Cr3+ + Hp ----7 Cr(OH)2+ + H+
-4.0
-4.4
-3.57
-4.56
Cr 3 + + 2 Hp ----7 Cr(OH)~ + 2 H+
-9.7
-10.6
-9.84
-11.0
Cr 3 + + 3 Hp ----7 Cr(OH)3 + 3 H+
-18.0
-19.2
-16.19
-17.45
Cr 3 + + 4 Hp ----7 Cr(OH)~+ 4 H+
-27.4
-28.2
-27.65
-28.74
H 2 Cr0 4 ----7 H+ + HCrO~
0.20
0.37
HCrO~ ----7 H+ + CrO~-6.51
-5.80
2 HCrO~ ----7 H+ + Crp~1.523
1.91
: Values calculated accordin~ to the ionic strength dependences given by Baes and Mesmer 1976.
Values calculated by assuming YH+ = 0.97; YCr(OH)2+ = 0.5; YCr(OH)! = 0.82; YCr(OH)3 = 1; Ycr(OH)4= 0.7; YCrO~= 0.13 and YCr3+ = 0.05.
295
Pettine M, D'Ottone L, Campanella L, Millero FJ, Passino R (1998b) The reduction of chromium(VI)
by iron(II) in aqueous solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62(9):1509-1519
Rai D, Sass BM, Moore DA (1987) Chromium(III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium(III)
hydroxide. Inorg Chern 26:345-349
Rai D, Eary LE, Zachara TM (1989) Environmental chemistry of chromium. Sci Total Environ 86:15-23
Richard FC, Bourg ACM (1991) Aqueous geochemistry of chromium: A review. Wat Res 25(7):807-816
Riedel GF (1984) Influence of salinity and sulphate on the toxicity of chromium(VI) to the estuarine
diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. J Phycol 20:496-500
Riedel GF (1985) The relationship between chromium(VI) uptake, sulphate and chromium(VI) toxicity in the estuarine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Aquat ToxicoI7:191-204
Saleh FY, Parkerton TF, Lewis RV, Huang JH and Dickson KL (1989) Kinetics of chromium transformations in the environment. Sci Total Environ 86:25-41
Sass BM, Rai D (1987) Solubility of amorphous chromium(III)-iron(III) hydroxide solid solutions.
Inorg Chern 26:2228-2232
Schroeder DC, Lee GF (1975) Potential transformations of chromium in natural waters. Wat Air Soil
Pollut 4:355-365
Sedlak D, Chan PG (1997) Reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] by ferrous iron [Fe(II)].
Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:2185-2192
Shen-Yang T, Ke-An L (1986) The distribution of chromium(VI) species in solution as a function of
pH and concentration. Talanta 33:775-777
Turner DR, Whitfeld M, Dickson AG (1981) The equilibrium speciation of dissolved components in
fresh water and seawater at 25°C and 1 atm pressure. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:855-881
Van Der Weijden CH, Reith M (1982) Chromium(III)-chromium(VI) interconversions in seawater. Mar
Chern 11:565-572
Voelker BM, Morel FMM, Sulzberger B (1997) Iron redox cycling in surface waters: Effect of humic
substances and light. Environ Sci Technol 31:1004-1011
Wang WX, Griscom SB, Fischer NS (1997) Bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to marine mussels from
solute and particulate pathways. Environ Sci Technol 31:603-611
Wittbrodt PR, Palmer CD (1995) Reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of excess soil fulvic acid. Environ
Sci Technol 29:255-263
Zachara JM, Girvin DC, Schmidt RL, Resch CT (1987) Chromate adsorption on amorphous iron
oxyhydroxide in the presence of major ground-water ions. Environ Sci Technol 21:589-594
Zika RG, Moffett JW, Petasne RG, Copper WJ, Saltzman ES (1985) Spatial and temporal variations of
hydrogen peroxide in Gulf of Mexico water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:1173-1184
Appendix
Table 1S.A 1. Hydrolysis reactions
Hydrolysis reactions
logK
logK
Baes and Mesmer 1976
Rai et al. 1987
1=0.00 M
1=0.75 M a
1=0.00 M
1=0.75 Mb
Cr3+ + Hp ----7 Cr(OH)2+ + H+
-4.0
-4.4
-3.57
-4.56
Cr 3 + + 2 Hp ----7 Cr(OH)~ + 2 H+
-9.7
-10.6
-9.84
-11.0
Cr 3 + + 3 Hp ----7 Cr(OH)3 + 3 H+
-18.0
-19.2
-16.19
-17.45
Cr 3 + + 4 Hp ----7 Cr(OH)~+ 4 H+
-27.4
-28.2
-27.65
-28.74
H 2 Cr0 4 ----7 H+ + HCrO~
0.20
0.37
HCrO~ ----7 H+ + CrO~-6.51
-5.80
2 HCrO~ ----7 H+ + Crp~1.523
1.91
: Values calculated accordin~ to the ionic strength dependences given by Baes and Mesmer 1976.
Values calculated by assuming YH+ = 0.97; YCr(OH)2+ = 0.5; YCr(OH)! = 0.82; YCr(OH)3 = 1; Ycr(OH)4= 0.7; YCrO~= 0.13 and YCr3+ = 0.05.