CHAPTER 7 . Sedimentary Geochemistry of the Carbonate and Sulphide Systems
187
ZnS extract completely. For MeS compounds, this leads to Hg < Cu < Ni
< < Zn = Pb = Cd. This is close to the relationship observed for DTMP. Therefore, if Zn,
Cd and Pb largely make their own sulphide, they would appear to have a low DTMP
because they extract in the HCI fraction. Unfortunately, this means that it is not possible to determine how extensively Zn, Cd and Pb are sulphidized. The other metals
may be coprecipitates with pyrite or occur as discrete phases.
Acknowledgements
The US National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, and the Texas Sea Grant
Program have supported much of the work presented in this chapter. Many colleagues,
post -doctoral fellows, graduate and undergraduate students participated in these studies. Dr. Morse was supported in his efforts to prepare and produce this chapter by funds
from the Louis and Elizabeth Scherck Chair in Oceanography.
References
Aller RC (1982) Carbonate dissolution in near-shore terrigenous muds: The role of physical and biological reworking. J GeoI90:79-95
Aller RC (1988) Benthic fauna and biogeochemical processes in marine sediments: The role of burrow
structures. In: Blackburn TH, Sorensen J (eds) Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 301-338
Aller RC, Rude PO (1988) Complete oxidation of solid phase sulfides by manganese and bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:751-765
Arvidson RS,Morse JW (to be published) Controls on rates of sulfate reduction in chemosynthetic cold
seep communities, Gulf of Mexico, USA. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
Ben-Yaakov S (1973) pH buffering of pore water of recent anoxic sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 18:86-94
Berner RA (1971) Principles of chemical sedimentology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Berner RA (1982) Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: Its geochemical and
environmental significance. Am J Sci 282:451-473
Berner RA (1984) Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:605-615
Berner RA, Raiswell R (1984) CIS method for distinguishing freshwater from marine sedimentary rocks.
Geology 12:365-368
Bernstein LO, Morse JW (1985) The steady-state calcium carbonate ion activity product of recent shallow water carbonate sediments in seawater. Mar Chern 15:311-326
Boudreau BP (1991) On a reactive continuum representation of organic matter diagenesis. Am J Sci
291:507-538
Canfield OE (1988) Sulfate reduction and the diagenesis of iron in marine sediments. PhO dissertation,
Yale University
Canfield OE (1989) Reactive iron in marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:619-632
Canfield OE (1994) Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chern Geol
114:315-329
Cooper OC,Morse JW (1998) Biogeochemical controls on trace metal cycling in anoxic marine sediments.
Environ Sci TechnoI32:327-330
Oavison W (1991) The solubility of iron sulfides in synthetic and natural waters at ambient temperatures. Aquat Sci 53/54:309-329
Oi Toro OM, MalIony JO, Hansen OJ, Scott KJ, Hicks MB, Mayr SM, Redmond MS (1990) Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: The role of acid volatile sulfide. Environ Sci Techno19:l487-1502
Oi Toro OM, MalIony JO, Hansen OJ, Scott KJ, Carlson AR,Ankley GT (1992) Acid volatile sulfide predicts
the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environ Sci TechnoI26:96-101
Eldridge PM, Morse JW (2000) A diagenetic model for sediment-seagrass interactions. Mar Chern
70:89-104
Fossing H (1995) 35S-radiolabeling to probe biogeochemical cycling of sulfur. In: Vairavamurthy MA,
Schoonen MAA (eds) Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur. ACS Press, Washington,
O.c. (ACS Symp. Ser 162, pp 348-364)
Goldhaber MM, Kaplan IR (1974) The sulfur cycle. In: Goldberg EO (ed) The sea, vol V. John Wiley and
Sons, New York, pp 596-657
187
ZnS extract completely. For MeS compounds, this leads to Hg < Cu < Ni
< < Zn = Pb = Cd. This is close to the relationship observed for DTMP. Therefore, if Zn,
Cd and Pb largely make their own sulphide, they would appear to have a low DTMP
because they extract in the HCI fraction. Unfortunately, this means that it is not possible to determine how extensively Zn, Cd and Pb are sulphidized. The other metals
may be coprecipitates with pyrite or occur as discrete phases.
Acknowledgements
The US National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, and the Texas Sea Grant
Program have supported much of the work presented in this chapter. Many colleagues,
post -doctoral fellows, graduate and undergraduate students participated in these studies. Dr. Morse was supported in his efforts to prepare and produce this chapter by funds
from the Louis and Elizabeth Scherck Chair in Oceanography.
References
Aller RC (1982) Carbonate dissolution in near-shore terrigenous muds: The role of physical and biological reworking. J GeoI90:79-95
Aller RC (1988) Benthic fauna and biogeochemical processes in marine sediments: The role of burrow
structures. In: Blackburn TH, Sorensen J (eds) Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 301-338
Aller RC, Rude PO (1988) Complete oxidation of solid phase sulfides by manganese and bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:751-765
Arvidson RS,Morse JW (to be published) Controls on rates of sulfate reduction in chemosynthetic cold
seep communities, Gulf of Mexico, USA. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
Ben-Yaakov S (1973) pH buffering of pore water of recent anoxic sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 18:86-94
Berner RA (1971) Principles of chemical sedimentology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Berner RA (1982) Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean: Its geochemical and
environmental significance. Am J Sci 282:451-473
Berner RA (1984) Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:605-615
Berner RA, Raiswell R (1984) CIS method for distinguishing freshwater from marine sedimentary rocks.
Geology 12:365-368
Bernstein LO, Morse JW (1985) The steady-state calcium carbonate ion activity product of recent shallow water carbonate sediments in seawater. Mar Chern 15:311-326
Boudreau BP (1991) On a reactive continuum representation of organic matter diagenesis. Am J Sci
291:507-538
Canfield OE (1988) Sulfate reduction and the diagenesis of iron in marine sediments. PhO dissertation,
Yale University
Canfield OE (1989) Reactive iron in marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:619-632
Canfield OE (1994) Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chern Geol
114:315-329
Cooper OC,Morse JW (1998) Biogeochemical controls on trace metal cycling in anoxic marine sediments.
Environ Sci TechnoI32:327-330
Oavison W (1991) The solubility of iron sulfides in synthetic and natural waters at ambient temperatures. Aquat Sci 53/54:309-329
Oi Toro OM, MalIony JO, Hansen OJ, Scott KJ, Hicks MB, Mayr SM, Redmond MS (1990) Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: The role of acid volatile sulfide. Environ Sci Techno19:l487-1502
Oi Toro OM, MalIony JO, Hansen OJ, Scott KJ, Carlson AR,Ankley GT (1992) Acid volatile sulfide predicts
the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environ Sci TechnoI26:96-101
Eldridge PM, Morse JW (2000) A diagenetic model for sediment-seagrass interactions. Mar Chern
70:89-104
Fossing H (1995) 35S-radiolabeling to probe biogeochemical cycling of sulfur. In: Vairavamurthy MA,
Schoonen MAA (eds) Geochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur. ACS Press, Washington,
O.c. (ACS Symp. Ser 162, pp 348-364)
Goldhaber MM, Kaplan IR (1974) The sulfur cycle. In: Goldberg EO (ed) The sea, vol V. John Wiley and
Sons, New York, pp 596-657